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Brooklyn Queens Land Trust
Stories about Plants
Folklore
Plants have long been associated with folklore. And at this time of the year even more so. So lets delve into the beliefs and mysteries that surround many of the plants that we grow in gardens or find around the English countryside. First is the Elder, sambucus nigra - quoted by Archbishop Jacobus de Voragine as, "the tree of shame and darkness, dark and without beauty". In the past men have been put to death on it,and in some parts of the country it is known as God’s stinking tree. It was often planted in graveyards and is said to smell of dead men.
Superstition tells you never burn elder on your fire or the Devil will sit on your chimney, and perhaps even come down it. However it is a good native plant, and will thrive in almost any soil. A particularly striking variety is called ‘Black Beauty’.
Next is the early purple Orchid, Orchis mascula, With names like, Devil’s fingers, bloody bones and dead mans hand it has a long and mystical history.
The names derive from the long tubers that are found, if you dig the plant up. (But please don’t try, as it is illegal to do so). One tuber is swollen ready for next seasons growth, while the other is limp after giving energy for the present years growth. The swollen tuber is said to promote lust, while the flaccid one is for dampening it, for obvious reasons.
Devil’s Bit. The story goes that the Devil was in a rage with this healing plant, Succisa pratensis, and the good it was doing for many ailments such as the plague, fever and the bites of many beasties. So much so that he bit of the root. If you look at the plant’s root you will see that it is short and stumpy, But take care not to touch the end, as no amount of soap and water will get rid of the Devil’s breath. This is an easy plant to grow from seed and will spread quickly.
With the next the Ragwort, dark forces suggest that the stems of the poisonous weed ragwort are used by fairies, witches, warlocks and the Devil himself as transport. It will grow in almost any soil, and has quite a pretty flower, but remember it is very dangerous and is harmful to livestock.
The Mandrake, Mandragora officinarum is a plant shrouded in mystery and legend. The roots have long been used to prevent sterility in men and animals and to induce love. However it is said you must never pull the plant out of the ground. Folklore says the shriek it will utter will kill you instantly. Instead men used to tie a hungry dog to it with a bowl of food a few paces away, so in the attempt to reach the bowl if anybody died it would be the dog while the man would get the root.
The Rue, Ruta graveolens, was hung in doors and windows at this time of the year in medieval times so that no evil spirit would dare enter the house. Rue was used to stop fleas from coming into the house by rubbing areas with the bitter, pungent juice released from a crushed stem. Priests would dip rue in Holy water and anoint people or bless a house to dispel evil. It was also carried in bunches on the waist to ward off witches which earned it the common name of witch bane. Rue needs a well drained soil and a sunny position. Some say it has an offensive smell while others like it, it’s a matter of taste, but take care as the sap can cause severe irritation if it gets on your skin.
Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis was brought to England in the 14th century from the Mediterranean where it was hung in clusters over the cradles of infants to protect them from the evil eye. It was also called "brides herb?, and was believed to ward off evil on the wedding day. Burned with thyme and juniper, the smoke gets rid of witches and also cleans the air in a sick room. Rosemary is a herb that will thrive in a well drained soil in a sunny position.
Yew was planted in churchyards as their roots were thought to grow through the eyes of the dead. This was said to stop them seeing into this world, and keep them from trying to return as spirits. In pagan times it was also a symbol of life itself, as when many other plants lost their leaves in winter, the dark evergreen leaves of the yew and its red berries told that life continued. Yew is an excellent plant for a formal hedge or grow it as a single specimen if you have the room.
Sage, Salvia officinalis is a symbol of immortality. It was often planted on graves in days gone by as it was said to live forever, often thriving on neglect where other plants would fail and die, and it’s true that it is one of the easiest plants to grow as long as it is not in wet soil.
Now every good witch knows that the best wands are made from Mistletoe, Viscum allnum grown on an oak. It also acts as a deterrent against demons. Mistletoe berries pushed into the bark of a tree, preferably a native like apple or oak, should germinate and you will be able to grow your own plant, and they will not harm their host.
Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, also called "the devils plaything" or "devils rattle", is used in spells and witchcraft. Cut the stem across and you will see the initials of your true love. Sow an ounce of yarrow picked from a young man's grave and place it under the pillow of the person you want to fall in love with you.
Mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia or "witchwood" used to be planted in graveyards to stop the dead from rising, and for the same reason it used to be built into coffins. A branch hung over the door will protect your house from fairies but it is the
bright red berries that are said to ward off evil. In Wales it is called Cas gangythraul, which means "devils hate".
Others to keep an eye on are Vervain, which will handicap witches. Never pick a Pansy with dew on it. It is said to cause the death of a loved one, and if you pick one on a fine day you will invite it to storm. Parsley is said to go down and back to the devil seven times, that is why it takes so long to germinate. Witches ointment is made from Aconite and Belladonna. They smear themselves with the extract which may give the sensation of flying due to the hideous poisons found in both of
these plants. Fennel will keep witches away. It should be hung over doorways to protect from enchantment.
There are lots of other plants associated with myths, and there are more than 50 common names for plants that are preceded by the word Devil.
Mother-in-Law's Tongue - did you know?
The Latin name for mother-in-law's tongue, 'sansevieria' comes from the Italian Prince of Sansevieria, who was a horticulturalist in the 18th century. Although they resemble cacti, they are in fact part of the lily family. There are over 50 species, some being so tough and fibrous that in parts of Indonesia and Africa they actually make rope from them.
The Language of Flowers
Researching this topic has yielded much information, some contradictory because the sources differ. Some of the information comes from off of the Internet; some from books (both dusty from archives and new, from various bookshop, et al), magazines, greeting cards, and advertisements found in florists' shops.
Though sometimes, adding information after posting it here makes the whole sequence get a bit out of wack, I've tried to put it all together in some semblance of order. Bear with me! I have included common names and the scientific names. Here's the result, make of it what you will! When you've finished with one list, the next follows:
Say It With Flowers
The Flower List...
The easiest way to search is to hold down the Ctrl key and touch the F key which opens a Find box. You type in the term that you want to find and if it is included in the document, it will go directly to it. If you don't get an answer, refine your search or simplify it. For example, type in the letter of the word you hope to find. Happy hunting! Editor.
Flowers-both cultivated and those with a native nature-have become associated with sentiments, often with the purpose of conveying amorous thoughts.
In the 1600s in Constantinople (what is now Istanbul), flowers gained meanings which enabled lovers to convey messages to each other without having to write or talk.
This language of flowers was introduced to Europe by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a celebrated letter-writer and society poet who, in 1716, accompanied her husband to the Turkish Court in Istanbul. During her stay, she sent a Turkish love letter to England which interpreted the meanings of some plants, flowers, and spices.
The wonder of flowers, she proposed, was that words and messages of love - even altercations - could be passed in a refined and subtle manner without 'inking the fingers'.
The passing of messages via the floral code was then taken up by the French, only to return to England during the reign of Queen Victoria.
More than 800 flowers have special meanings associated with them. There are over 30 for roses alone.
The way in which the flowers were worn and presented had a meaning in addition to the sentiments attached to individual flowers. A flower bent towards the right would signify "I", while one extending to the left would signify "you".
Therefore a red rosebud leaning to the left would say: "You are pure and lovely".
A
A beauty - Orchis
A belle - Orchis
A heart ignorant of love - White rosebud
A smile - Sweet William
A token - Ox-eye daisy, Laurestina
Absence - Wormwood
Acknowledgement - Canterbury bell
Activity - Thyme
Adversity, energy in - Camomile
Admiration - Amethyst
Adoration - Dwarf sunflower
Adresses rejected - Ice plant
Advice - Rhubarb
Affectation - Morning glory
Affection - Mossy saxifrage, pear, sorrel
Affection, bonds of - Gillyflower
Affection, enduring - Gorse
Afterthought - Michaelmas Daisy
Age - Guelder rose
Agreement - Straw
Alas! For my poor heart - Deep red carnation
Always lovely - Indian double pink
Am I forgotten? - Holly
Ambition - Mountain laurel
Amiability - Jasmine
Anticipation - Gooseberry
Anxious and trembling - Red columbine
Appointed meeting - Everlasting pea
Ardent Love - Balsam
Ardor - Cuckoo plant, arum lily
Argument - Fig
Artifice - Acanthus
Assiduous to please - Sprig of ivy with tendrills
Assignation - Pimpernel
Attachment - Indian jasmine
Audacity - Larch
Austerity - Common thistle
Avarice - Scarlet auricula
Aversion - Indian single pink
B
Bantering - Southernwood
Bashful shame - Deep red rose
Bashfulness - Peony
Be mine - Four-leaved clover
Beautiful, call me not - Unique rose
Beautiful eyes - Variegated tulip
Beauty - Parti-coloured daisy, rull red rose
Beauty - Orchis
Beauty always new - China rose
Beauty and prosperity - Red-leaved rose
Beauty, capricious - Lady's slipper, musk rose
Beauty, delicate - Hibiscus
Beauty, divine - American cowslip
Beauty, lasting - Stock
Beauty, mental - Clematis
Beauty, pensive - Laburnum
Beauty, rustic - French honeysuckle
Beauty, unconscious - Burgundy rose
Beauty,unfading - Gillyflower
Belief - Passion-flower
Belle - Orchis
Benevolence - Potato
Betrayal - Judas tere
Beware - Oleander, rosebay
Beware of Excess - Saffron
Blackness - Ebony
Bluntness - Borage
Blushes - Marjoram
Boaster - Hydrangea
Boldness - Pink
Bonds - Convolvulus
Bonds of affection - Gillyflower
Bravery - Oak leaves
Bulk - Water melon, gourd
Bury me amid Nature's beauties - Persimmon
C
Call me not beautiful - Unique rose
Capricious beauty - Lady's slipper, musk rose
Change - Pimpernel
Changeable disposition - Rye grass
Charity - Turnip
Charming - Cluster of musk roses
Chaste love - Acacia
Cheerfullness in old age - American Starwort
Cheerfulness under adversity - Chrysanthemum
Childishness - Buttercup
Chivalry - Great yellow daffodil
Cleanliness - Hyssop
Coldheartedness - Lettuce
Color of my Life - Coral honeysuckle
Come down - Jacob's ladder
Comforting - Scarlet geranium
Compassion - Allspice
Concealed Love - Motherwort
Concealed merit - Coriander
Confession of love - Moss rosebud
Confidence - Lilac polyanthus
Conjugal love - Lime
Consolation - Red popppy
Cordiality - Peppermint
Counterfeit - Mock orange
Crime - Tamarisk
Criticism - Cucumber
Cure - Balm of gilead
Cure for heartache - Cranberry, swallow-wort
Curiosity - Sycamore
D
Danger - Rhododendron, monkshood
Dangerous pleasures - Tuberose
Dauntlessness - Sea lavendar
Death - Cypress
Death preferrable to loss of innocence - White rose(dried)
Deceit - Flytrap, dogsbane
Deceitful chams - Thorn-apple
Deception - White cherry
Declaration of love - Red tulip
Decrease of love - Yellow sweet-brier, yellow rose
Dejection - Lichen
Delay - Eupatorium
Delicacy - Cornflower
Delicate Beauty - Hibiscus
Departure - Sweet Pea
Despair - Cypress and marigold
Devotion - Heliotrope
Difficulties, I surmount - Mistletoe
Dignity - Cloves, laurel-leaved magnolia
Disappointment - Carolina syringa
Discretion - Lemon blossoms, maidenhair
Disdain - Yellow carnation, rue
Distinction - Cardinal flower
Distrust - Lavender
Divine beauty - American cowslip
Do me justice - Sweet chestnut tree
Do not abuse - Saffron
Domestic industry - Flax
E
Early attachment - Thornless rose
Early friendship - Blue periwinkle
Early youth - Primrose
Education - Cherry tree
Elegance and grace - Yellow jasmine
Elegance, mature - Pomegranate flower
Elevation - Scotch fir
Enchantment - Holly herb
Enduring affection - Gorse
Energy in adversity - Camomile
Envy - Crane's bill, bramble
Esteem - Garden sage
Esteem and love - Strawberry tree
Esteem but not love - Spiderwort
Estranged love - Lotus flower
Evanescent pleasure - Poppy
Excellence, perfect - Strawberry
Excellence, unpretending - Camellia japonica
Excess, beware of - Saffron
Expectation - Anemone
Expected meeting - Nutmeg, geraniums
Extent - Gourd
Extinguished hopes - Major convolvulus
Extravagance, fantastic - Scarlet poppy
Eyes, beautiful - Variegated tulip
F
Faithfulness - Blue violet, heliotrope
Falsehood - Yellow lily
Fame - Tulip
Fantastic extravagance - Scarlet poppy
Farewell - Michaelmas daisy
Fascination - Carnation, honesty
Fashion - Lady's mantle
Fate - Hemp
Feasting - Parsley
Fecundity - Hollyhock
Female ambition - White hollyhock
Female fidelity - Speedwell
Festivity - Parsley
Fickleness - Pink Larkspur
Fidelity - Veronica, Ivy, Plum Tree
Fidelity in love - Lemon blossoms
Filial love - Virgin's bower
Fine arts - Acanthus
Finesse - Sweet william
Fire, flame - Fleur-de-luce
First emotions of love - Purple lilac
Fitness - Sweet flag
Flattery - Venus' looking-glass
Flee away - Pennyroyal
Folly - Columbine
Foolishness - Pomegranate
Foresight - Holly
Forgetfulness - Moonwort
Forget me not - Forget-me-not
Forsaken - Garden anemone, laburnum
Forsaken love - creeping willow
Fraternal love - Woodbine
Freedom - Water willow
Freshness - Damask rose
Friends, thoughts of absent - Zinnia
Friendship - Rose acacia
G
Gaeity - Butterfly orchis, yellow lily
Gain - Cabbage
Gallantry - A nosegay, sweet william
Generosity - Orange tree
Generous and devoted affection - French honeysuckle
Genius - Plane tree
Gentility - Geranium, pompon rose
Girlhood - White rosebud
Gladness - Myrrh
Gladness, youthful - Spring crocus
Glory - Bay tree, laurel
Good wishes - Sweet basil
Goodness - Mercury
Gossip - Coboea
Grace - Multiflora rose
Grace and elegance - Yellow jasmine
Gracefulness - Birch tree
Grandeur - Ash tree
Grief - Harebell, marigold
H
Happiness, return of - Lily of the Valley
Happy love - Bridal rose
Hatred - Basil
Haughtiness - Purple larkspur, tall sunflower
Health - Iceland moss
Heart's mystery - Crimson polyanthus
Heartlessness - Hydrangea
Hidden worth - Coriander
Honesty - Honesty
Hope - Flowering almond, hawthorn, snowdrop
Hope extinguished - Major convolvulus
Hope in adversity - Spruce pine
Hopeless love - Yellow tulip
Hopeless, not heartless - Love-lies bleeding
Hospitality - Oak tree
Humility - Broom, small bindweed, field lilac
I
I am too happy - Cape jasmine
I am worthy of you - White rose
I am your captive - Peach blossom
I aspire to thy smile - Daily rose
I attach myself to you - Indian jamsine
I change but in death - Bay leaf
I declare against you - Liquorice
I desire a return of affection - Jonquil
I die if neglected - Laurestina
I engage you for the next dance - Ivy geranium
I feel your kindness - Flax
I have a message for you - Iris
I live for thee - Cedar leaf
I love - Red chrysanthemum
I surmount difficulties - Mistletoe
I will not answer hastily - Monthly honeysuckele
I will not survive you - Black mulberry
Imagination - Lupin
Immortality - Amaranth
Impatience - Yellow balsam
Impatient resolves - Red balsam
Inconstancy - Evening primrose
Inconstancy in love - Wild honeysuckle
Incorruptible - Cedar of lebanon
Independence - Wild plum tree, white oak
Indifference - Candytuft, mustard seed, senvy
Indiscretion - Almond tree
Ingenuous simplicity - Mouse-eared chickweed
Ingenuity - Pencil-leaved geranium
Ingratitude - Buttercup, wild ranunculus
Injustice - Hop
Innocence - White daisy, white violet
Innocence, youthful - White lilac
Insincerity - Foxglove
Insinuation - Great bindweed
Inspiration - Angelica
Instability - Dahlia
Ireland - Shamrock
J
Jealousy - French marigold, yellow rose
Jest - Southernwood
Joy - Wood sorrel
Joys to come - Celandine
Justice, do me - Sweet chestnut tree
Justice shall be done to you - Coltsfoot
K
Keep your promises - Plum tree
Knowledge, useful - Parsley
L
Lamentation - Aspen tree
Lasting beauty - Stock
Lasting pleasure - Everlasting pea
Levity, lightness - Larkspur
Life - Lucerne
Lightheartedness - Shamrock
Longevity - Fig
Love - Blue violet, myrtle, rose
Love in idleness - Wild violet
Love is dangerous - Carolina rose
Love of nature - Magnolia
Love returned - Ambrosia
Love's oracle - Dandelion
Love, a heart ignorant of - White rosebud
Love, ambassador of - Cabbage rose
Love, ardent - Balsam
Love, chaste - Acacia
Love, confession of - Moss rosebud
Love, declaration of - Red tulip
Love, estranged - Lotus flower
Love, forsaken - Creeping willow
Love, only deserve my - Campion rose
Love, platonic - Rose acacia
Love, pure and ardent - Double red pink
Love, secret - Toothwort, yellow acacia
Love, slighted - Yellow chrysanthemum
Love, sweet and secret - Honey flower
Love, the first emotions of - Purple lilac
Lovely, thou art all that is - Austrian rose
Love, true - Forget-me-not
Lowliness - Bramble
Luxury - Chesnut Tree
M
Majesty - Crown imperial, imperial lily
Malevolence - Lobelia
Marriage - Ivy geranium
Maternal affection - Cinquefoil
Maternal love - Moss rosebud
Maternal tenderness - Wood sorrel
Matrimony - American Linden
mature elegance - Pomegranate flower
Meekness - Birch tree
Meeting, an appointed - Everlasting pea
Meeting, an expected - Nutmeg, geranium
Melancholy - Dark geranium, cypress and marigold
Memory, pleasures of - White periwinkle
mental beauty - Clematis
Merit, concealed - Coriander
Merit, reward of - Bay wreath
Message - Iris
Modesty - White violet, white lilac
Modesty and purity - White lily
Momentary happiness - Virginian Spiderwort
Mourning - Weeping willow, cypress
Music - Oats, reeds
My best days are past - Meadow saffron
My compliments - Iris
My heart is in flames - Provence rose
N
Nature, love - Magnolia
Neatness - Broom, small bindweed, field lilac
Neglected beauty - Throatwort
Never ceasing remembrance - Everlasting
Night - Minor convolvulus
O
Old age - Tree of life
Only deserve my love - Campion rose
Ornament - Hornbeam tree
P
Painting - Auricula
Parental affection - Sorrell
Passion - White dittany, yellow iris
Patience - Dock, ox eye
Patriotism - Nasturtium
Peace - Olive branch
Pensive beauty - Laburnum
Pensiveness - Cowslip
Perfected loveliness - White camelia japonica
Perform your promise - Plum tree
Perplexity - Love-in-a-mist
Persecution - Chequered Fritillary
Perseverance - Canary grass, swamp magnolia
Piety, steadfast - Wild geranium
Pity - Pine
Platonic love - Rose acacia
Play - Hyacinth
Pleasant recollections - White periwinkle
Pleasure and pain - Dog rose
Pleasure, evanescent - Poppy
Pleasure, lasting - Everlasting pea
Pleasures of memory - White periwinkle
Poetry - Eglantine
Poverty - Evergreen clematis
Power - Cress
Precaution - Golden rod
Precocity - May rose
Presumption - Snapdragon
Pretension - Spiked willow herb
Prettiness - Pompon rose
Pride - Amaryllis, hundred-leaved rose
Promptness - Ten-week stock
Prosperity - Beech tree, wheat
Prudence - Mountain iash
Pure and ardent love - Double red pink
Pure and lovely - Red rosebud
Pure love - Single red pink
Purity - White lilac, Star of Bethlehem
Purity and sweetness - White lily
Q
R
Recall - Silver-leaved geranium
Reconciliation - Filbert, hazel
Refusal - Striped carnation, variegated pink
Regard - Daffodil
Relieve my anxiety - Christmas rose
Religious superstition - Aloe, passion-flower
Remembrance - Rosemary, forget-me-not
Remorse - Bramble, raspberry
Rendezvous - Chickwee
Reserve - Maple
Resolution - Purple columbine
Restoration - Persicaria
Retaliation - Scotch thistle
Return of happiness - Lily of the valley
revenge - Birdsfoot trefoil
reverie - Flowering gern
Reward of merit - Bay wreath
Reward of virtue - Garland of roses
Riches - Corn
Rivalry - Rocket
Rupture of a contract - Broken straw
Rural happiness - Yellow violet
Rustic beauty - French honeysuckle
Rustic oracle - Dandelion
S
Sadness - Dead leaves, yew
Safety - Traveller's joy
Satire - Prickly pear
Secret Love - Toothwort, yellow acacia
Self-esteem - Poet's narcissus
Sensitiveness - Mimosa
Sensuality - Spanish jasmine
Sentiment, warmth of - Spearmint
Separation - Carolina jasmine
Severity - Branch of thorns
Shame - Peony
Sharpness - Barberry
Shyness - Vetch
Sickness - Anemone, zephyr flower
Silence - Belladonna (deadly nightshade)
Silliness - Fool's parsley
Simplicity - American sweet-brier
Sincerity - Fern, honesty
Slander - Stinging nettle
Sleep - White poppy
Slighted love - Yellow chrysanthemum
Splendid beauty - Amarylis
Steadfast piety - Wild geranium
Stoicism - Box tree
Strength - Cedar, fennel
Surprise - Truffle
Suspceptibility - Passion-flower
Suspicion - Mushroom
Sweet and secret love - Honey flower
Sympathy - Balm, thrift
T
Talent - White pink
Taste - Scarlet fuchsia
Tears - Helenium
Temperance - Azalea
Temptation - Apple, quince
The color of my fate - Coral honeysuckle
The fine arts - Acanthus
The first emotions of love - Purple lilac
The heart's mystery - Crimson polyanthus
The witching soul of music - Oats
Thoughts - Pansy
Thoughts of absent friends - Zinnia
Thy frown will kill me - Currant
Ties - Tendrils of climbing plants
Time - White poplar
Timidity - Amaryllis
Token, a - Ox-eye daisy, laurestina
Tranquilize my anxiety - Christmas rose
Tranquility - Stonecrop
Transient impressions - Withered white rose
Transport of joy - Cape jasmine
True friendship - Oak-leaved geranium
True love - Forget-me-not
Truth - White chrysanthemum, woody nightshade
U
Unanimity - Phlox
Unbelief - judas tree
Uncertainty - Convolvulus
Unchangeable - Globe amaranth
Unconscious - Red daisy
Unconscious beauty - Burgundy rose
Unexpected meeting - Lemon geranium
Unfading beauty - Gillyflower
Unfortunate love - Scabious
Unity - White and red rose together
Unpretending excellence - Camellia japonica
Useful knowledge - Parsley
Uselessness - Meadowsweet
V
Variety - Aster, mundi rose
Victory - Palm
Virtue - Mint
Virtue, domestic - Sage
Virtue, reward of - Garland of roses
Voraciousness - Lupin
Vulgar-minded - African marigold
W
War - York rose
Warmth of sentiment - Spearmint
Watchfulness - Dame violet
Widowhood - Sweet scabious
Win me and wear me - Lady's slipper
Winning grace - Cowslip
Winter - Guelder rose
Wisdom - White mulberry
Wish, a - Foxglove
Wit - Ragged robin
Witchcraft - Nightshade
Woman's love - Carnation, carnation pink
Worth beyond beauty - Sweet alyssum
X
Y
You are perfect - Pine apple
You are radiant with charms - Ranunculus
You are young and beautiful - Red rosebud
You occupy my thoughts - Pansy, purple violet
You please all - Branch of currants
You will be my death - Hemlock
Your looks freeze me - Ice plant
Your presence revives me - Rosemary
Your purity equals your loveliness - Orange blossoms
Your qualities, like your charms are unequalled - Peach
Youth, early - Primrose
Z
Zealousness - Elder
Zest - Lemon geranium
=======================
A
• Acacia - Secret love; chaste love; beauty in retirement; elegance; friendship; hope
• Acorn - Nordic symbol of life and immortality
• Agapanthus - Love letters
• Allspice - Compassion
• Almond Blossom - Hope; lover's charm
• Aloe - Grief
• Alstroemeria - Devotion; friendship
• Alyssum - Worth beyond beauty
• Ambrosia - Love returned
• Amaranth - Fidelity
• Amaranth, Globe - Unchangeable
• Amaryllis - Pride; Timidity; splendid beauty
• Anemone - Unfading love; truth; sincerity; anticipation; forsaken; fading hope
• Angelica - Inspiration
• Aniseed - Restoration of youth
• Apple blossom - Preference; good fortune
• Arbor Vitae - True friendship
• Arbutus - Thee only do I love
• Artemisia - Dignity
• Aster - Love; daintiness
• Azalea - Take care of yourself for me, fragile passion, temperance, Chinese symbol of womanhood
B
• Bachelor's Buttons - Celibacy; single blessedness; hope in love
• Baby's Breath - Everlasting love; happiness; pure in heart
• Basil - Best Wishes; Love
• Bay Leaf - Strength
• Begonia - Beware
• Bells Of Ireland - Good luck
• Bird Of Paradise - Magnificence
• Bittersweet - Truth
• Bluebell - Humility; constancy
• Borage - Courage
• Bouquet of withered flowers - Rejected love
• Burnet - A merry heart
• Buttercup - Cheerfulness; childishness; riches
C
• Cactus - Endurance; warmth; grandeur
• Calendula - Joy
• Camellia - Admiration; perfection; good luck gift to a man; loveliness
• Camellia (Pink) - Longing for you
• Camellia (Red) - You're a flame in my heart
• Camellia (White) - You're adorable
• Candytuft - Indifference
• Carnation (in general) Bonds of affection; health and energy; fascination; alas for my poor heart
• Carnation (pink) - I'll never forget you
• Carnation (purple) - Capriciousness; whimsical; changeable
• Carnation (red) - My heart aches for you; admiration
• Carnation (solid colour) -Yes
• Carnation (striped)- No; refusal; sorry I can't be with you; wish I could be with you
• Carnation (white) -Sweet and lovely; innocence; pure love; woman's good luck gift
• Carnation (yellow) - You have disappointed me; Rejection; disdain
• Cattail - Peace; prosperity
• Cedar - I live for thee; think of me
• Chamomile - Patience ; attracts wealth
• Chysanthemum (in general) - Cheerfulness; You're a wonderful friend
• Chysanthemum (red) - I love
• Chysanthemum (white) - Truth
• Chysanthemum (yellow) -Slighted love
• Cinnamon - My fortune is yours
• Clover (four-leaf) - Good luck; be mine
• Columbine - Folly
• Coreopsis - Always cheerful
• Cornflower - Delicacy; refinement
• Coriander - Lust
• Cowslip - Pensiveness; winning grace
• Coxcomb - Foppery
• Crocus - Cheerfulness; abuse not; joy
• Cyclamen - Resignation and goodbye
• Clover - Good luck
D
• Daffodil - Respect; regard; unrequited love; deceit
• Dahlia - Good taste
• Daisy - Innocence; loyal love; purity; faith; cheer; simplicity
• Dandelion - Wishes come true; faithfulness; happiness
• Delphinium - Airy
• Dogwood - Durability
E
• Edelweiss - Daring; noble courage
• Eucalyptus - Protection
F
• Fennel - Worthy of all praise; strength
• Fern - Sincerity
• Fern (Magic) - Facination; confidence and shelter
• Fern (Maidenhair) - Secret bond of love
• Feverfew - Protection
• Fir - Time
• Flax - Domestic symbol; fate
• Forget-me-not - True love; memories; forget me not
• Forsythia - Anticipation
• Foxglove - Insincerity
• Fuchsia - Good taste
G
• Gardenia - You're lovely; secret love; refinement; joy
• Garland of roses - Reward of virtue
• Garlic - Courage; strength
• Geranium (Oak leafed) - Friendship
• Geranium (Rose) - Preference
• Geranium (Scented) - Preference, melancholy; stupidity; folly
• Gillyflower - Bonds of affection
• Gladiolus - Love at first sight; ready-armed; strength of character; generosity
• Gloxinia - Love at first sight
• Grass - Submission; utility
H
• Heather (lavender) - Admiration; solitude
• Heather (pink) - Good luck
• Heather (white) - Protection; wishes will come true; good luck
• Heliotrope - Devotion; eternal love
• Hibiscus - Delicate beauty
• Holly - Good will; defence; domestic happiness; foresight
• Hollyhock - Female ambition
• Honeysuckle - Generous and devoted affection; sweetness of disposition
• Hyacinth (general) - Rashness, sorrow, flower dedicated to Apollo
• Hyacinth (blue) - Constancy
• Hyacinth ( purple) - I'm sorry; please forgive me; sorrow
• Hyacinth (red or pink) - Play
• Hyacinth (white) - Loveliness; I'll pray for you
• Hyacinth (yellow) - Jealousy
• Hydrangea - Thank you for understanding; frigidity; heartlessness; vanity
• Hyssop - Wards away evil spirits
I
• Iris - Faith; hope; wisdom and valour; my compliments; eloquence
• Ivy - Fidelity; friendship; affection
J
• Jasmine - Amiability; wealth; grace and elegance
• Jonquil - Love me; affection returned; desire; sympathy
• Juniper - Protection
K
L
• Larkspur (pink) - Fickleness; levity
• Laurel (mountain) - Ambition
• Lavender - Devotion, distrust
• Lemon - Zest
• Lemon Balm - Brings love
• Lemon verbena - Attracts opposite sex
• Lilac - First love
• Lily (general) - Purity
• Lily (calla) - Beauty
• Lily (day) - Coquetry
• Lily (eucharis) - Maidenly charms
• Lily (orange) - Hatred
• Lily (tiger) - Wealth; pride
• Lily (white) - Virginity; purity; majesty; it's heavenly to be with you
• Lily (yellow) - I'm walking on air; false and gay
• Lily of the valley - sweetness; return to happiness; humility; perferct purity
• Love-in-a-mist - Perplexity
M
• Magnolia - Sweetness; beauty; love of nature; nobility; dignity; splendid beauty
• Marigold - Comforts the heart; grief; cruelty; jealousy; sacred affection
• Mimosa - Sensitivity
• Mint - Protection from illness; warmth of feeling
• Marjoram (sweet) - Joy and happiness
• Mistletoe - Kiss me; affection; to surmount difficulties; sacred plant of India, magic plant of the Druids
• Monkshood - Beware, a deadly foe is near; chivalry
• Moss - Maternal love; charity
• Myrtle - Love; love in absence; remembrance; Hebrew emblem of marriage
• Myrtle (wax) - Discipline; instruction
N
• Narcissus - Egotism; formality; stay as sweet as you are; you love yourself too well; self-esteem
• Nasturtium - Conquest; victory in battle; maternal love; charity; patriotism
O
• Oleander - Caution; beware
• Orange - Generosity
• Orange Blossom - Wisdom; purity; eternal love; your purity equals your loveliness
• Orange (mock) - Deceit
• Orchid - Love; beauty; refinement; you flatter me
• Orchid (Cattleya) - Mature charm
P
• Palm leaves - Victory and success
• Pansy - Thoughts; love
• Peach blossom - Longevity
• Peony - Shame; bashfulness; anger; indignation
• Peppermint - Warmth of feelings
• Periwinkle (blue) - Early friendship
• Periwinkle (white) - Pleasures of memory
• Petunia - Resentment; anger; your presence soothes me; never despairing
• Phlox - Agreement; sweet dreams
• Pine - Hope; pity
• Pink - Boldness
• Poinsettia - Be of good cheer
• Poppy (general) - Eternal sleep; oblivion; imagination; extravagance
• Poppy (red) -Pleasure
• Poppy (white) - Consolation; sleep
• Poppy( yellow) - Wealth; success
• Prickly Pear - Satire
• Primrose - I can't live without you; early youth; young love
• Primrose (evening) - Inconstancy
Q
• Queen Anne's Lace - Fantasy
R
• Rose (red) - Love ; I love you
• Rose (white) - Eternal Love; innocence; heavenly; secrecy and silence
• Rose (pink) - Perfect happiness; please believe me
• Rose (yellow) - Friendship; jealousy; try to care
• Rose (black) - Death
• Rose (red and white) - Together; unity
• Rose (thornless) - Love at first sight
• Rose (single, full bloom) - I love you; I still love you
• Rose bud - Beauty and youth; a heart innocent of love
• Rose bud (red) - Pure and lovely
• Rose bud (white) - Girlhood
• Rosebud (moss) - Confessions of love
• Roses (bouquet of full bloom) - Gratitude
• Roses (garland or crown of) - Beware of virtue; reward of merit; crown ; symbol of superior merit
• Roses (musk cluster) - Charming
• Rose (tea) - I'll always remember
• Rose (cabbage) - Ambassador of love
• Rose (Christmas) - Tranquilize my anxiety; anxiety
• Rose (damask) - Brilliant complexion
• Rose (dark crimson) - Mourning
• Rose (hibiscus) - Delicate beauty
• Rose leaf - You may hope
• Rosemary - Remembrance; commitment; fidelity
S
• Sage - Wisdom; long life; domestic virtue
• Salvia (blue) - I think of you
• Smilax - Loveliness
• Snapdragon - No; deception; gracious lady; presumption
• Spearmint - Warmth of sentiment
• Spiderflower - Elope with me
• Statice - Lasting beauty
• Star of Bethlehem - Atonement
• Stephanotis - Happiness in marriage; desire to travel; come to me
• Stock - Lasting beauty; promptness
• Strawberry - Perfect goodness
• Sunflower - Loyalty; haughtiness; you are splendid
• Sweet Basil - Good luck
• Sweet pea - Goodbye; departure; blissful pleasure; Thank you for a lovely time
• Sweet William - Grant me one smile; perfection; gallantry
T
• Thrift - Sympathy
• Thyme - Strength and courage
• Tuberose - Dangerous pleasure
• Tulip(general) - Fame; charity; declaration of love;
• Tulip(red) - Believe me; declaration of love
• Tulip(variegated) - Beautiful eyes
• Tulip(yellow) - Hopeless love
U
V
• Violet - Modesty; faithfulness
• Violet (blue) - Watchfulness; faithfulness; I'll always be true
• Violet (white) - Let's take a chance on happiness
• Viscaria - Will you dance with me?
W
• Water Lily - Purity of heart
• Wistaria - I cling to you
• Woodruff - Sweet humility
X
• Xeranthemum - Cheerfulness under adversity
Y
• Yarrow - Health; healing
Z
• Zinnia - Thoughts of friends
• Zinnia (magenta) - Lasting affection
• Zinnia (mixed) - Thinking of an absent friend
• Zinnia (scarlet) - Constancy
• Zinnia (white) - Goodness
• Zinnia (yellow) - Daily remembrance
A Rose by any other name is but a rose
THESAURUS
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Asian Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
English: also Thai basil, sweet basil
Chinese: hsiang tsai
Danish: basilikum
Dutch: basilicum, bazielkruid, koningskruid
French: basilic
German: Basilikum, Basilienkraut
Hindi: babui tulsi, gulal tulsi, marva
Italian: basilico
Malay: selaseh, selasi
Portuguese: basílico, manjericão grande, amjerico da folha grande
Spanish: albahaca, alhábega
Thai: tarp hao (light green), ho lap har (green)
Vietnamese: rau quê
________________________________________
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
English: coriander, collender
Arabic: kuzbara
Chinese: yan sui, heong choy
Danish: koriander
Dutch: koriander
French: coriander
German: Koriander
Hindi: dhania, dhanya
Italian: coriandolo
Japanese: koendoro
Laotian: hong pomn
Malay: ketumbar
Portuguese: coentro
Spanish: coriandro, cilandrio, cilantro, culantro
Thai: phak cheethai
Vietnamese: ngò rí
________________________________________
Garlic (Allium sativum)
English: garlic
Arabic: tum, saum
Chinese: da suan, suan tau
Danish: hvid-løg, slangehvidløg
Dutch: knoflook
Filipino: bawang, bawany
French: ail, a.ordinaire, a. blanc
German: Knoblauch
Greek: skórdo
Hindi: lahsan
Italian: aglio, a. domestico
Japanese: ninniku
Laotian: khat thiam
Malay: bawang putih
Portuguese: alho, a. comum
Russian: cesnok
Spanish: ajo, ajo comun
Thai: khat thiam
Vietnamese: toi
________________________________________
Garlic Chives (Allium tuberosum)
English: Chinese leek, Chinese chives
Arabic: kurrat seeny
Chinese: jiu cai, kau choy, kucai
Danish: kina-løg
Filipino: kutsay, ganda, amput, imayyaw
French: ail civette de Chine, a. chinoise, ciboulette chinoise
German: Chinalauch
Indonesian: kuchai
Italian: cipollina chinese
Japanese: nira
Malay: kuchai
Portuguese: alho chinês
Spanish: cive chino, cebollino de la China
Thai: kuichai, hom-paen
Vietnamese: he
________________________________________
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
English: ginger
Arabic: alzangabeel
Chinese: geung, tsee geung, jang ho, jiang
Danish: ingefaer
Dutch: gember, amoom
Filipino: luya
French: amome, gingembre
German: Ingwer
Hindi: adrak, ada
Indonesian: jahe, alia, halia
Italian: zenzero officinale
Japanese: shouga, myoga
Korean: saenggang, saeng
Malay: halia
Portuguese: gengibre, g. amarelo, g. das boticas
Spanish: jengibre, j. oficinal
Thai: khing
Vietnamese: gùng
________________________________________
Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus)
English: lemon grass
Chinese: heong mau
Filipino: tanglad
German: Zitronengras
Laotian: thakai
Malay: serai
Thai: thakai
Vietnamese: xa
________________________________________Mint (Mentha arvensis)
English: mint
German: Minze
Spanish: Menta
Vietnamese: rau hung luy
________________________________________Mustard Green (Brassica juncea)
English: Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard cabbage, Swatow mustard cabbage, bamboo mustard cabbage, Sow cabbage
Chinese: daai gaai choi, chuk gaai choi, jiu la choi, jie cai, gai cai, kaai tsoi, gai choy, hsueh lay hung
Danish: mosterd
Dutch: Sareptamosterd, Indiaause mosterd, mosterd
Filipino: mustasa
French: moutarde a petites feuilles,chou faux jone, moutarde de Sarepta, m. jonciforme
German: Sarepta-Senf, Ruten-Kohl
Hindi: rai
Indonesian: sawi, sesawi
Italian: senape, senape indiana
Japanese: takana, karashina
Malay: sawi pahit
Portuguese: mostarda de folhas pequenas, m. indiana, mostarda vermelha
Spanish: mostaza de la China, mostaza de India
Thai: phakkat-khieo
Vietnamese: cai xanh
________________________________________
Okra (Hibiscus esculentus, Abelmoschus esculentus)
English: lady’s fingers, gumbo
Arabic: bamya
Chinese: huang qiu kui, yong kok dau
Danish: okra, abelmoskus, gombo
Dutch: gombo, okra, oker
Filipino: okra, saluyota bunga, haluyoy
French: gombo, okra, ketmie comestible
German: Okra, Eibisch, Gombo, Gombro,
Hindi: bhindi, tori, ramturai
Indonesian: kopi arab, bunga depros, kembang dapros, okya
Italian: ibisco, frutto d’ibisco, gombo, gombro, ocra
Japanese: okura, america-neri
Laotian: tuah lek
Malay: kacang benki, sayur bendi, kacang lendir
Portuguese: quiabo, gombro, quingombo
Russian: bamija
Spanish: gombo, ocra, chaucha turca, quimgombó
Thai: krachiap man, krachiapkhieo, bakhua mun
Vietnamese: dâu bap
________________________________________
Shallots
(Allium cepa var. aggregatum, A. ascalonicum)
English: potato onion, multiplier onion
Arabic: bassal el shallut
Chinese: fen nie yang cong
Danish: skalotteløg, kartoffeløg
Dutch: sjalot
Filipino: sibuyas talalog
French: échalote, oignon-paatate
German: Eschlauch
Hindi: gandana
Italian: scalogno
Japanese: sharotto
Malay: daun bawang, bawang merah, bawang kecil
Portuguese: chalota
Russian: luk-salot
Spanish: chalote, escaluña, ascalonia
Thai: homon deng
Vietnamese: hành huong
________________________________________
Snowpea (Pisum sativum)
English: sweet pea, Chinese pea
Chinese: tian cui wan dou, shid dou, hor lan dou
Danish: sukkeraert
Dutch: peul
Filipino: chicaro
French: pois mange tout, p. sucré
German: Zuckererbse
Italian: pisello mangiatutto, p. dolce, taccola
Japanese: kinusaya
Malay: kacang pi
Portuguese: ervilha torta, e. de quebrar, e. tipo come-tudo
Spanish: guisante tirabeque, g. come-todo, g. azucarado
Thai: tua lan tau
Vietnamese: dâu hòa lan
________________________________________
Spearmint (Mentha viridis, M. spicata)
English: lamb mint, green mint
Chinese: liu lan xiang
Danish: grøn mynte, krusssemynte
Dutch: groene munt, kruizemunt
French: baume verte, menthe en épi, m. de Notre-Dame, m. crépue, m. verte
German: Grüne Minze, Grüne Roßminze, Krause Minze
Hindi: pahari pudina, pudina
Italian: mentha verde, m. gentile, m. romana, m. crespa
Portuguese: hortelã, hortelã comum, h. verde
Spanish: hierba buena, h. santa, h. sana mentha, mentha romana, m. crespa
Thai: selernay
Vietnamese: rau húng lui
________________________________________
Spring Onion (Allium fistulosum)
English: Welsh/Japanese bunching onion
Arabic: bassal el-mustatere, bassal el-ankudy
Chinese: choong
Danish: pibe-løg
Dutch: grof bieslook
French: ciboulette, cive, ail-ciboule, ciboule
German: Winterzwiebel
Italian: cipolla d’Inverno, cipolletta
Japanese: negi
Malay: daun bawang
Portuguese: cebolinha, c. comum, c. de todo o ano, c. verde
Russian: luk batun
Spanish: cebolleta, c. comum, cebollino de verdeo común
Thai: hark korm
Vietnamese: hành lá
________________________________________
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)
English: batatas, boniato, white-fleshed sweet potato
Arabic: ba ta tah helua
Chinese: gan shu, gan ye, fan shu
Danish: sod kartoffel, bataat
Dutch: bataat, zoete aardappel
Filipino: kamote
French: patate douce
German: Süßkartoffel, Batate
Hindi: sakarkand, mitha alu
Indonesian: ubi jalor, hwi, keledek, ketela rambat, tela, bodin, ubi merah
Italian: patata americana, patata kolce, batata
Japanese: satsuma-imo, kanjo
Korean: koguma
Malay: ubi keledek, ubi kastela, ubi keladi
Portuguese: batata doce
Russian: batat
Spanish: batata, boniato, camote, papa dulce, moniato
Thai: muntail, hua mun, man thet
Vietnamese: lá khoai lang, lá khoai mony
________________________________________
Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
English: cocoyam, elephant’s ear plant, Chinese potato, dasheen, coco, eddoe/edo, malanga, gabi, coc, kalo
Chinese: woo tau, woo, wu chai, yu, yu tou, bun long woo tau, hung nga woo tau
Filipino: gabi, aba long, dagmay, lubingan, psing
Japanese: sato-imo, kiomo, yatsugashita ebi imo, oya imo, serebesu
Korean: t’oran
Malay: ubi keladi
Thai: puerg, puak
Vietnamese: khoai môn, khoai so
________________________________________
Turmeric (Cucurma domestica, C. longa)
English: cà pháo
Arabic: kur kum, zangabeel asfer
Chinese: jiang huang, wong keong
Danish: gurkemeje, Gelbwurzel
Filipino: luyang dilaw
French: curcuma, c. longue, curry, safran des Indes
German: Lange Kurkuma
Hindi: haldi, halada
Italian: curcuma lunga, zafferano delle Indie, radice gialla
Japanese: ukon
Malay: kunyit
Portuguese: açafrào da Índia, curcuma, gengibre dourada
Spanish: cúrcuma larga, c. longa, azafrán de la India
Thai: cummin
Vietnamese: nghê
________________________________________
Watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-acquaticum)
English: watercress
Chinese: sai yeung tsoi
Filipino: lampaka, mustapa,amat, pakhoy
German: Wasserkresse
Indonesian: selada air, cencil, jembrak, gejembrak, sesawi tanah
Japanese: uotakuresu
Malay: semanggi
Spanish: berro
Thai: phakkat-nam
Vietnamese: xà lách son
________________________________________
White Radish (Raphanus sativus)
English: oriental winter radish, daikon, long white radish, Japanese radish
Arabic: fejil
Chinese: loh bok, loh baak, loh bo, lai fu, lu fu, luobo
Danish: raeddike, japanraeddike, kinaraeddike
Dutch: ramenas
Filipino: labanos, rabanos, alibanos
French: rave, daikon
German: Rettich
Hindi: muli
Italian: rafano
Japanese: daikon
Korean: mu
Malay: lobak putih, lobak, lobak isi
Portuguese: rabão, rábano
Russian: red’ka
Spanish: rábano
Thai: hua piahs
Vietnamese: cu cai trang
________________________________________
Yam (Dioscorea alata)
English: Chinese yam, asiatic/white yam, potato yam, winged yam
Arabic: batata maee
Chinese: da shu, tai shue, shuyu
Danish: yans
Filipino: ubi
French: igname de chine, i. ailée, pacala
German: Yamswurzel, Wasseryam
Hindi: ratalu, chupri alu, khamatu
Italian: igname
Japanese: daisho
Malay: ubi kemali
Portuguese: cará de Angola, c. branco, inhame bravo, cará da terra
Spanish: ñame, de agua, ñ. branco, cará branco
Thai: huabon
Vietnamese: khoaimó
________________________________________
saffron - azafrán
sage - salvia
salmon - salmón
salt cod - bacalao salado
salt - sal
salted - salado
sandwich (with Spanish bread) - bocadillo
sandwich toaster - sandwichera
sardines - sardinas
sauce - salsa
saucepan - cazo
sausage - salchicha
sausage meat - carne de salchicha
sausage roll - salchicha envuelta en hojaldre
sauté - saltear
scald - escaldar
scallion (young onion) - cebolleta, cebollín, cebolla de verdeo,
chalote, chalota
scrambled egg - huevos revueltos
sea bream - besugo
seal - sellar
seafood - mariscos
seasoning - condimento
season with salt - sazonar
season with salt and pepper - salmpimentar
seeds - semillas
self-raising - harina con levadura (Esp), leudante (RPl)
sieve - tamizar
shallot - cebolleta
shapes - formas
shellfish - mariscos
shells - cáscaras
sherry - jerez
shopping list - lista de la compra
shoulder - (cut of meat) paletilla, paleta
shrimp - (large) langostino, camarón
shrimp - (medium) camarón, gamba, langostino
shrimp - (small) camarón, quisquilla
side - lado
silver foil - papel de aluminio
sieve - tamiz, cedazo, cernidor
simmer - cocinar a fuego lento
sirloin steak - solomillo
skim - desnatar
skimmed milk - leche desnatada
skin - n. piel / v. pelar
skinned - pelado
sliced - en trozos
sliced bread - pan de molde
slotted spoon - espumadera
smear - untar
smoked - ahumado
snack - un tentempié, un refrigerio
snack - (to have a snack) comer algo ligero
snail - caracol
soak - remojar
soft drink - refresco (bebida no alcohólica)
sour - agrio
sour cream - nata agria
soy sauce - salsa de soja
spaghetti - espaguetis
spare ribs - costillas
spicy - picante
spinach - espinacas
spoon - cucharada
spoon - sacar con cuchara
sprig - ramita
sprinkle - salpicar
squeeze - exprimir
squid - calamar
stale bread - pan duro
stalk - tallo
steak - bistec
steamer - vapor
stew - estofado
stiff - espeso
stir-fry - freír
stock - caldo
strain - colar
strainer - colador
strawberry - fresa
streaky bacon - tocino entreverado
strips - tiritas
stuff - rellenar
stuffing - relleno
suckling pig - lechón (cochinillo)
sugar - azucar
sultana - pasa sultana
sweet - dulce
sweet and sour - agridulce
sweet basil - albahaca
sweetbreads -mollejas, lechecillas
sweetcorn - maíz tierno, elote (Méx), choclo (AmS), jojoto (Ven)
sweeten - endulzar, azucarar
sweetener - endulzante
sweet potato - boniato , batata , camote (Andes, Méx)
sweet-toothed - goloso
syrup - (sugar solution) almíbar
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