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Brooklyn Queens Land Trust
Article Archives - Volume I, 2003
Issue 1 Articles
How Involved Are You in Brooklyn Queens Land Trust?/¿Cuán Implicado Es Usted en Confianza de Tierra de Reinas de Brooklyn?/
Dear Community Garden Members:
There is no exercise better for the heart than reaching down and lifting people up.
-- John Andrew Holmes
Slowly, the Steering Committee of the Brooklyn Queens Land Trust is ploughing its' way through the process of completing the By-laws. While the process has been long and tedious, it has been a good learning experience. The member-gardeners needs and wants are being considered every laborious step of the way.
During the last Steering Committee meeting, work was done on completing
Section 3: Powers of the Membership
Section 4: Place of Membership Meetings
Section 5: Time of Annual Membership Meeting
Section 6: Organization of Membership Meeting
Section 7: Agenda of Annual Meeting
You can see how this information is relevant to the members.
There were some sticking points that had to be ironed out on some of the listed items and the committee will be hammering them out during our next meeting, May 28, 2003. For example:
From Section 5 - the matter of the best time for the annual meeting;
- the beginning/ending of the fiscal year(4/1/XX to 3/31/XX; 7/1/XX to 6/30/XX; or another date);
From Section 6 - which basic provisions of Robert's Rules of Order should the Board use to help keep the meeting organized in case of dispute;
and other matters will be considered and discussed. You can see that these matters are important and should not be taken lightly. This information is the underpinnings of our organization.
Our organization is unique in that it is completely run by volunteers who are members. The various committees are working on several different projects. For example:
The Steering Committee is responsible to:
1. Serve as the voice of the Land Trust when dealing with the public, elected officials, and the press;
2. Complete work on finishing land trust bylaws
3. Work with the individual gardens when needed;
4. Plan and run meetings together with the Trust for Public Land;
5. Oversee all work by other committees;
6. Review and approve Ariticle of Incorporation to be drafted by TPL;
7. Interview and recommend candidates for staff positions;
8. Locate office space for Land Trust headquarters; and
9. Issues related to forming the Land Trust that are not being handled by one or more committees.
The Nominating Committee works on finding candidates to serve as resource people and potential board of directors. It also reviews the work being done by steering committee members, research people, and moniters the attendance requirement guidelines. If a steering committee member cannot serve for any reason (end of designated term, illness, absences, et al), the committee will locate, interview, and recommend candidates for the steering committee to consider. The committee will soon be interviewing a representative from the Queens Borough President's office.
The Communications Committee is responsible for serving as the communications and public relations hub of the land trust. Currently members of the committee are working on:
1. Our website. Our URL(s) are: http://www.BrooklynQueensLandTrust.org
http://www.BQLT.org
Our domain names are registered and the website is up and running. It is basic text right now and only in its' rudimentary stages. Our website has the capability of having:
-our newsletter
-our calendar
-member's discussion area
-member gardens' web pages (all 34 are waiting for information and picures to be added.
-additional pages
-updatable photos throughout our site.
There is much work to be done. We are seeking persons from our member gardens willing to serve as writers, researchers, historians, data entry, and photographers for their garden's web page.
2. Newsletter - online and on paper
- The Community Garden Gate. THIS IS OUR First Volume, First edition;
3. Email address: bqlt@myway.com; info@bqlt.org and another yet to be decided at bqlt.org
4. Telephone answering system (718) 482-3140
Tom Twente, (member of Steering, Operations and Communications Committees) is also on the committee which is working on trying to find office space for our organization.
The Operations Committee is responsible for
ensuring that the individual gardens are in good standing, compliance, physical shape, and have the necessary licenses. The committee also holds tours of member gardens, the most recent one was on May 17, 2003. Its' chairman, Simon Booking will be leaving his position soon due to employment. He has done a herculean job with dispatch, diligence, and dedication. Thank you, Simon and may the new job recognize your worth.
The Events Committee is responsible for raising funds and community awareness through garden related events including: lectures, tours, cookouts, musicals, pagents, raffles, block parties, classes, crafts, and the like. They are currently planning a raffle and other events. Please be on the lookout for information and attend as many as you possible can to show support.
If the whole process seems to be dragging on for a long time, ask yourself:
Would things move more quickly if I were involved?
How have I contributed to the formation of the Brooklyn Queems Land Trust, also known as the BQLT? When have I contributed? What have I contributed? What can I contribute? After thinking about it, come join us. You really don't have a right to complain if you're only sitting on the sidelines but plan on reaping the benefits.
Make it a good day.
Happy planting.
If your answer is "I haven't" or "nothing", the questions become: "How...What...When...Where... will I/you contribute?" If you are a member of the organization, it becomes a matter of if not YOU, WHO??? The organization, like a chain, can only be as good as it's weakest link.
Learn the land trust mission statement:
Community gardens are an important physical, ecological and economic resource to the City of New York. Community gardening strengthens our communities, enhances our lives and provides recreational opportunities and beauty to our neighborhoods.
We need help becoming a success. We are gardeners who believe in what we are trying to do and decided to put our efforts towards what we believe. Each of us want to make a difference. Please help us create an entity that you/we can be proud of. It will be our legacy for those who come behind us.
Thank you for reading. Come stand with us.
Happy gardening,
Make it a good day,
Ceci Charles-King
All About Daylight Saving Time
8AM EDT, October 18, 2003
By WeatherBug Meteorologist, Justin Consor
The end of daylight saving time is fast approaching - the clocks will be turned back one hour at 2AM this Sunday, October 26. What you may not be aware of, however, is how daylight savings originated and the connection it has to weather.
The main idea behind Daylight Saving Time (DST) is to allow people and businesses to utilize daylight more effectively. More specifically, turning the clocks back in the fall and ahead in the spring helps to conserve energy.
According to many historians, the original idea for DST originated with none other than Ben Franklin, who was known for his colorful and often practical ideas in the realms of science and public policy.
In 1784, as he approached the end of his term as an American delegate in Paris, Franklin penned "An Economical Project", a discourse on the merits of natural versus artificial lighting. He included several humorous laws or ideas that the city of Paris could enact to conserve energy and make better use of daylight.
Others adopted the idea in Britain and this was the first country to put DST into effect starting in 1840 with London railroads. By 1855 a large majority of Britain`s clocks were set to DST.
Much later, America`s government created a law putting daylight savings time in effect during World War One and World War Two. Between 1945 and 1966, however, there was no U.S. law to enforce daylight savings time.
However, by 1966 daylight savings time was in use by over 100 million Americans due to local laws and customs. Many of these individuals were farmers, who felt their productivity benefited from the extra daylight in the morning.
In 1966, the Uniform Time Act was passed, setting up a system of uniform (within each time zone) Daylight Saving Time throughout the U.S. and its territories.
Mid-fall is a natural time to turn the clocks back and forward in the U.S., since it is a time when home and business owners are switching from air conditioning to heat.
The specific "turn back the clock date" that saves the most energy year-to-year depends on weather conditions in a particular country. In the U.S. the clocks are always turned back on the last Sunday of October. The clocks are turned forward on the first Sunday in April.
However, daylight savings time is not used in most of the Eastern Time Zone portion of the State of Indiana, the state of Arizona (aside from the Navajo Reservation), Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
Many farmers in Indiana feel that Daylight Saving Time is not beneficial to them, since it reduces their ability to get work done in the early morning hours and limits their participation in evening activities.
Many other countries use daylight savings time as well, including all of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Chile, Israel and Egypt.
In the southern hemisphere countries like Australia, Brazil and Chile, the dates are reversed because their seasons are the opposite of the northern hemisphere`s. Thus clocks are turned back in March or April and forward in September or October.
Amos Taylor, Green Guerillas Co-founder Memorial Service
Amos Taylor, one of GGs founders and CENYC's first GrowTruck driver, passed away in his sleep early last Saturday morning.
A memorial service will be held on:
Thursday, October 30
Christian Cultural Center,
12020 Flatlands Avenue, Brooklyn*
9:00 am Viewing
10:00 am Service
* between Pennsylvania and Louisiana; enter through the Louisiana gate across from Pathmark Mall.
Travel Directions:
Take the #3 train to Rockaway Avenue
Take the #60 bus going South
Get off at Williams and Flatland (the last stop). You will see the church.
Walk 2 blocks East on Flatland Avenue. You will see the Pathmark Mall.
The church entrance that early in the morning will be at the Louisiana gate.
Francoise Cachelin, 1918-2003
Francoise Cachelin,longtime community
gardener and activist, died Sunday morning in her sleep.
She worked tirelessly with the Lower East Side Collective and to save New York City's community gardens. She was a regular presence at garden meetings and a core member of Creative Little Garden (on E. 6th Street between Avenues A and B) which she was instrumental in organizing.
Petite, with her gray hair tied back into a bun, Francoise loved not conforming to other's expectations. Many people may be unaware of her history before imigrating to the United States. During WWII, as a member of the French
Resistance, she repeatedly risked her life smuggling Jewish and Communist children out of
Nazi-occupied France.
After the war and coming to the United States she continued her involvement in unpopular political issues including homesteading the East 6th Street building she lived in until her death. Francoise was the keystone of the Creative Little Garden; without her it is unlikely that it would have been born. She also founded the city-wide New York City Garden Coalition and kept it going and moving for all these years of garden activism, giving a place for all the coalitions to come together, from Coney Island and Brownsville to the Bronx.
A private memorial service for family and close friends will be held later this week, with a larger memorial to be held on or around December 18, which would have been her 85th birthday.
In lieu of flowers, her family asks you to send a donation to Creative Little Garden, c/o Geraldine Kelly, 536 E. 6th St, Apt. 1 NYC 10009.
No one who knew Francoise will ever forget her. We will miss her greatly.
Vous étiez un bon ami. Nous vous aimons. (Translation: You were a good friend. We love you.)
PARKS & RECREATION AND CITY PARKS FOUNDATION LAUNCH $25 MILLION
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
PR- 313-03
October 30, 2003
MAYOR MICHAEL R. BLOOMBERG, PARKS & RECREATION AND CITY PARKS FOUNDATION LAUNCH $25 MILLION PUBLIC/PRIVATE INITIATIVE TO BENEFIT 16 PARKS
Project to Build Community Involvement in Four Areas of City
Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg today joined Parks & Recreation Commissioner Adrian Benepe and City Parks Foundation Executive Director David Rivel to launch a four-year initiative combining community outreach with capital improvements, new programming and additional staff in sixteen neighborhood parks in four areas of New York City – Astoria and the Long Island City waterfront in Queens; Harlem in Manhattan; Highbridge in the Bronx; and Red Hook in Brooklyn. The sixteen parks, selected in part for their potential for improvement, will receive $5 million in private funds raised by the City Parks Foundation (CPF), as well as benefit from an anticipated $20 million in capital projects that are either already funded by local and federal elected officials or expected over the course of the four-year project. The announcement was made with Council Member Joseph Addabbo, community members and funders at Rainey Park in Queens.
“This is a model public/private partnership. The devoted resources to these parks combined with dedicated efforts to increase community involvement, will ensure their future and success,” said Mayor Bloomberg. “With ten of the sixteen parks targeted are waterfront parks, this is yet another example of the City’s commitment to restoring and bringing New Yorkers to closer to our waters.”
“This model acts like a sparkplug – spurring neighborhood involvement, attracting private donations, leveraging public funds allocated by elected officials, and empowering communities to work with Parks & Recreation and take ownership of neighborhood parks,” said Commissioner Benepe.
“What we are announcing today is a truly innovative idea—partnering government with the people it serves to develop a vision for a park and then work hand-in-hand with community members to make that vision a reality,” said David Rivel, Executive Director of City Parks Foundation. “This unique public/private partnership would not be possible without the support of the Mayor, Commissioner Benepe of Parks & Recreation, and all of our funders.”
The $5 million private investment is expected to leverage additional funding over the four-year period, and will be administered by Partnerships for Parks, a joint program of CPF and Parks & Recreation. Private funding raised to date by the City Parks Foundation towards this effort has included grants from The J.M. Kaplan Fund, The Commonwealth Fund and Starbucks Coffee.
In addition to the $5 million in private funding that will support programming and be used for additional staff to help support and organize volunteer groups, the City will maintain its annual commitment of maintenance, programming, and security personnel in the parks targeted by this project. Parks & Recreation has approximately $10 million targeted to specific capital projects in these parks and plans to invest at least $10 million more over the next four years. These funds, a mixture of Mayoral-funded requirements contracts and specific projects allocated by local and federal officials, will improve the parks infrastructure and jump-start future investment.
Below are the four targeted areas listing some of the projects already underway:
Astoria and Long Island City Waterfront Parks, Queens
Parks included are Astoria, DeMarco, Hallets Cove, Hellgate, Queensbridge, Socrates, and Rainey parks. With almost $1.5 million from the City Council, Parks will perform necessary erosion control throughout Astoria Park. With an additional $564,000, Parks is reconstructing the drainage for seven tennis courts in that park, making them more playable for the community. Other efforts in this area will include projects that link seven separate waterfront parks that line the East River in Northwestern Queens and the diverse neighborhoods that use them. The projects include adding new programming and developing an implementation plan for a continuous waterfront greenway.
Historic Harlem Parks, Manhattan
This area includes the four historic Harlem parks – Jackie Robinson, Marcus Garvey, Morningside and St. Nicholas Parks. In Marcus Garvey Park, the City Council has allocated approximately $1 million towards projects that may include reconstruction of the landscape on the east side of the park or the amphitheater. At Jackie Robinson Park, the City has just started a $700,000 project to do work on the recreation center and pool. New project efforts will include supporting the nascent Historic Harlem Parks Coalition, a partnership among the local park groups, to develop regional programs and to encourage park involvement on the local level.
The High Bridge & Highbridge Parks, Manhattan and The Bronx
The area includes the High Bridge, New York City’s oldest standing bridge, and the parks on the Bronx and Manhattan side of it. The City is completing a $700,000 project to improve paths in Highbridge Park, and investing requirements funds in both Highbridge Parks to make additional improvements. Program efforts include restoring sections of the Highbridge Parks and cultivating a coalition of groups interested in restoring the Highbridge. Highbridge Park in Manhattan has been the focus of an intensive private/public partnership with the New York Restoration Project (NYRP). NYRP will be part of the coalition for this effort.
Red Hook Parks, Brooklyn
This area includes Red Hook Park and Recreation Center, Coffey Park, and Valentino Pier. $578,000 allocated by the federal government and the Borough President will provide bicycle and pedestrian enhancements to Valentino Park, including connections to the proposed Brooklyn Waterfront Trail. Efforts will include working with local groups to develop a vision for the community’s open space and generate additional activity in parks through programming.
Over the course of the next four years, City Parks Foundation will spend its $5 million on programming in the four regions. This will include concerts in Jackie Robinson, Marcus Garvey and Highbridge Parks; track and field instruction in Astoria and Red Hook Parks; puppet shows, readings and performing arts for kids in the Historic Harlem Parks; and golf instruction in Queensbridge Park. The $5 million will also support dedicated staff for each of the four regions, to help with community organizing and technical assistance for parks volunteers and groups.
This overall effort is an expansion of the pilot program run by Partnerships for Parks targeting six park projects. Marcus Garvey Park in Harlem and the Bronx River are two examples of parks that benefited from the pilot project. In 1997, Partnerships for Parks, in collaboration with the National Park Service and the Appalachian Mountain Club, convened the Bronx River Working Group (now the Bronx River Alliance) to restore the Bronx River. Since then, Parks & Recreation and the Alliance have acquired over 40 acres of Bronx River waterfront, constructed over 1.5 miles of greenway, and removed more than 50 derelict cars. Over $113 million in city, state and Federal funds has been secured for the restoration work.
Efforts at Marcus Garvey Park in Manhattan helped leverage new public and private investment and spurred the re-establishment of the Marcus Garvey Park Alliance to advocate for improvements and increased activities in the park. Community activities and programming more than tripled at the park’s amphitheater and attracted high profile events like the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival, now being produced by CPF for the first time. Additional pilot projects begun in 1998 are Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn, Crotona Park and St. James Park in the Bronx, and Baisely Pond Park in Queens.
City Parks Foundation, in its role as the only independent, non-profit organization to offer park programs throughout the five boroughs of New York City, will present free programs that encourage community involvement in these areas. CPF’s programming will range from arts and education series to sports instruction and cultural events.
Partnerships for Parks was established by CPF and Parks & Recreation in 1995 to develop and support neighborhood parks groups and promote volunteerism. Partnerships for Parks will provide staff and technical assistance as well as organize service projects and small grants to local groups. Partnerships for Parks was the recipient of the prestigious “Innovations in American Government Award” in 2000.
CONTACT:
Edward Skyler/Robert Lawson (212) 788-2958
Megan Sheekey ((Parks & Recreation))
(212) 360-1311
Debbie Ferraro (City Parks Foundation) (212) 360-8162
font face='arial'>Estimados Miembros del Jardín de la Comunidad:
No haya ningún ejercicio mejor para el corazón que alcanzar abajo y gente que levanta arriba.
-John Andrew Holmes
Lentamente, el Comit?que Dirige de las Reinas de Brooklyn Aterriza la Confianza ara su' la manera por el proceso de completar el Reglamento. Mientras el proceso ha sido largo y tedioso, ha sido un bien la experiencia que aprende. Las necesidades de jardineros de miembro y necesidades se consideran cada paso laborioso de la manera.
Durante el último encontrar del Comit?que Dirige, el trabajo fue hecho a completar la Sección 3: los Poderes de la Sección de la Asociación 4: el Lugar de la Sección de Reuniones de Asociación 5: Tiempo de la Sección Anual de
Encontrar de Asociación 6: la Organización de la Sección de Encontrar de Asociación 7: Orden del día de la Reunión
Anual
Usted puede ver cómo que esta información es pertinente a los miembros. Había algunos puntos que atascan que se tuvo que planchar fuera en parte del list?artículos y el comit?los estar?martillando fuera durante nuestro próximo encontrar, el 28 de mayo de 2003. Por ejemplo: De la Sección 5 - la cuestión del mejor tiempo para la reunión anual; - el principio/finalizar del fiscal
year(4/1/XX a 3/31/XX; 7/1/XX a 6/30/XX; u otra fecha); De la Sección 6 - cuál provisiones básicas de Reglas de Robert de la Orden deben el uso de la Tabla para ayudar mantiene la reunión organizada en caso de la disputa; y otras cuestiones se considerarán y serán discutidas. Usted puede ver que estas cuestiones son importantes y no deben ser tomado levemente. Esta información es los
apuntalamientos de nuestra organización.
Nuestra organización es extraordinaria en que es corrido completamente por voluntarios que son miembros. Los varios comités trabajan en varios proyectos diferentes. Por ejemplo:
El El Comit?que dirige es responsable A: 1. Sirva como la voz de la Confianza de la Tierra cuando tratar con el público, con los oficiales elegidos, y con
la prensa; 2. El trabajo completo a terminar 3. de reglamentos de confianza de tierra. Trabaje con los jardines individuales cuando sea necesario; 4. Planee y
corra reúnase con la Confianza para la Tierra Pública; 5. Supervise todo trabajo por otros comités; 6. Revise y apruebe Ariticle de Constitución de sociedad
anónima para ser redactado por TPL; 7. Entreviste y recomiende a candidatos para posiciones de personal; 8. Localice el espacio para oficinas para el sede de la
Confianza de la Tierra; y 9. Los asuntos estuvieron relacionado con formar la Confianza de la Tierra que no son manejadas por uno ni por más comités.
El El Comit?que nombra Los trabajo a encontrar a candidatos para servir como gente de recurso y junta directiva potencial. Revisa también el trabajo para ser hecho dirigiendo a miembros de comit? por gente de investigación, y por moniters las pautas del requisito de asistencia. Si un miembro del comit?que dirige no puede servir para ninguna razón (el fin del término designado, la enfermedad, las ausencias, al de et), el comit?localizar? entrevistar? y recomendar?a candidatos para el comit?que dirige para considerar. El comit?pronto estar?entrevistando a un representante de la oficina de Presidente de Barrio de Reinas.
El El Comit?de comunicaciones Es responsable de sirve de las comunicaciones y eje público de relaciones de la confianza de la tierra. Actualmente miembros del comit?trabajan en: 1. Nuestro sitio web. Nuestro URL (s) es: el http: http
//www.BrooklynQueensLandTrust.org: //www.BQLT.org
Nuestro dominio registr?nombres y el sitio web est?arriba y correr. Es texto básico en este momento y sólo en su' las etapas rudimentarias. Nuestro sitio web tiene la capacidad de tener: -nuestro boletín -nuestro calendario -área de discusión de miembro
-páginas web de jardines de miembro (todo 34 esperan información y picures para ser agregado. -Páginas adicionales -fotos de updatable a través de nuestro sitio.
Hay mucho trabajo de ser hecho. Buscamos a personas de nuestros jardines de miembro dispuestos a servir como escritores, los investigadores, los historiadores, la entrada de datos, y los fotógrafos para su página web del jardín.
2. El boletín - en línea y en el papel - El Portón del Jardín de la Comunidad. ESTO ES NUESTRO Primer
Volumen, Primero edición;
3. Mande correo electrónico la dirección: bqlt@myway.com; info@bqlt.org y otro mas ser decidido en bqlt. la org
4. El teléfono sistema que contesta (718) 482-3140
Tom Twente, (Miembro de la Conducción, los Comités de Operaciones y Comunicaciones) es también en el comit?que trabaja a tratar de encontrar el espacio para oficinas para nuestra organización.
El El Comit?de operaciones Es responsable de asegurar que los jardines individuales están en parar de bien, la conformidad, la forma física, y tienen las licencias necesarias. El comit?también viajes de asideros de jardines de miembro, el muy reciente uno estaba en el 17 de mayo de 2003. Su' presidente, Simon Reservando Estar?saliendo su posición pronto debido a empleo. El ha hecho un trabajo hercúleo con dispacho, con la diligencia, y con la dedicación. Gracias, Simon Y puede el trabajo nuevo reconoce su valor.
El El Comit?de acontecimientos Es responsable de levantar los fondos y el conocimiento de la comunidad por el jardín los acontecimientos relacionados incluyendo: las conferencias, los viajes, las comidas al aire libre, musical, pagents, las rifas, los partidos del bloque, las clases, los artes, y cosas por el estilo. Ellos planean actualmente una rifa y otros acontecimientos. Est?por favor en el mirador para la información y asista tanto como usted posible puede para mostrar apoyo.
¿Si el proceso entero parece estar arrastrando en durante mucho tiempo, se pregunta: las cosas moverían más rápidamente si fui implicado? ¿Cómo he contribuido yo a la formación de la Confianza de la Tierra de Brooklyn Queems, también conocido como el BQLT? ¿Cuándo he contribuido yo? ¿Qu?he contribuido yo? ¿Qu?puedo contribuir yo? Después que pensar acerca de lo, viene nos une. Usted realmente no tiene un derecho de quejarse si usted es sólo sentar en el sidelines pero en el plan a cosechar los beneficios.
Hágalo un buenos días. Plantar feliz.
¿Si su respuesta es "tengo no" o nada, las preguntas llegan a ser: "How...What...When...Where... hago yo/usted contribuye?" ¿Si usted es un miembro de la organización, no llega a ser una cuestión de si USTED, QUIEN??? La organización, como una cadena, puede sólo es tan bueno como lo es la conexión más débil.
Aprenda la declaración de la misión de la confianza de la tierra:
Los jardines de la comunidad son un recurso importante, físico, ecológico y económico a la Ciudad de Nueva York. La horticultura de la comunidad refuerza nuestras comunidades, aumentan nuestro vive y proporciona las oportunidades y la belleza recreativas a nuestros vencindarios.
Necesitamos ayuda que llega a ser un éxito. Somos jardineros que creen en lo que tratan de hacer y decidieron poner nuestros esfuerzos hacia lo que creemos. Cada uno de nosotros queremos hacer una diferencia. Ayúdenos por favor creamos una entidad que usted/podemos ser orgullosos de. Ser?nuestro legado para los que viene atrás nosotros.
Gracias para leer. Venga el soporte con nosotros.
La horticultura feliz, lo Hace un buenos días,
El Rey de Ceci Charles
RE: Land Trusts / La tierra Confianza
Working to Save America's Land Heritage
The nation's 1,200-plus nonprofit land trusts, organizations that operate independently of government, are working on the front lines with communities to help them save America's land heritage. Community-based land trusts are experts at helping interested landowners find ways to protect their land in the face of ever-growing development pressure.
They may protect land through donation and purchase, by working with landowners who wish to donate or sell conservation easements (permanent deed restrictions that prevent harmful land uses), or by acquiring land outright to maintain as open space. Land trusts have been extraordinarily successful, having protected more than 6.2 million acres of open space, according to the National Land Trust Census.
National Land Trust Census
The National Land Trust Census, tallying land protection statistics through 2000 by grassroots, nonprofit land trusts, paints a portrait of a vibrant and effective movement, created by people concerned about the loss of open space in their communities today and the land legacy they will bequeath to the future.?
The Census report identified two historic milestones for the private land conservation movement that was established in the United States at the end of the 19th century:
For the first time since 1891, when the first nonprofit land trust was founded in the United States, land has been permanently protected in all of the 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico by nonprofit, grassroots land trusts.
More importantly, the National Land Trust Census found that local and regional land trusts had protected more than 6.2 million acres of open space, an area twice the size of Connecticut.?Although the Census tallies data only from local and regional land trusts, national land trusts have protected millions of acres as well.
The Census portrays a growing movement that is fueled by people's desire to save the green spaces and open lands that make each community unique.? The private conservation movement may well be the fastest growing segment of the conservation community.
Specific Findings
The National Land Trust Census provides an in-depth picture of the voluntary land conservation movement. Growth has occurred in every facet during the last decade of the 20th Century:
* As of Dec. 31, 2000, 6,225,225 acres of land had been protected by local and regional land trusts, a 226 percent increase over the 1.9 million acres protected as of 1990.
* California, New York and Montana led the nation in the amount of acreage protected by local and regional land trusts.
* 1,263 local and regional land trusts were in operation in 2000, a 42 percent increase over the number (887) that existed in 1990.?
The South Central portion of the country (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas) saw the most rapid growth in the number of land trusts. In that region, Texas saw the greatest growth, with 22 land trusts conserving land in 2000 as compared to just nine in 1990. The Southwest and Southeast followed in the second and third spots. A list of growth rates by region is part of this report.
Of the more than 6.2 million acres permanently protected, nearly 2.6 million acres have been protected by conservation easements, almost a fivefold (475 percent) increase over the 450,000 acres protected by conservation easements as of 1990.?As of Dec. 31, 2000, grassroots land trusts had secured more than 11,600 easement agreements with landowners who voluntarily chose to protect their land.
Defining a Land Trust
For purposes of the National Land Trust Census, a land trust has been defined as "nonprofit organization that, as all or part of its mission, actively works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting direct land transactions primarily the purchase or acceptance of donations of land or conservation easements.
While land trusts use a variety of methods to protect land, two of the most commonly used are the purchase or acceptance of donations of land and the purchase or acceptance of donations of a conservation easement, a legal agreement that permanently restricts the development and use of land to ensure protection of its conservation values.
Some land trusts acquire land and then convey it to another nonprofit organization or a government agency for permanent protection and stewardship.
Land trusts protect land by other means, including:
providing funding to other groups for land acquisition;
negotiating with conservation buyers
conservation-minded individuals who are willing to invest in property in anticipation of its ultimate and permanent protection as open space;
and
facilitating negotiations for land to be acquired by another nonprofit organization or a public agency.
Survey Methodology
Data were collected from March to July 2001 by surveying nearly 1,700 organizations, first by mailed questionnaires and then by follow up telephone calls where needed.? Approximately 900 groups responded to the mailed survey or completed the survey document online. The remaining 800 organizations were contacted by telephone, or data were obtained from state land trust service centers or other organizations that work directly with nonprofit land trusts. All responses provided information on open space protected as of Dec. 31, 2000.
Information comes form the National Land Trust Census and the Land Trust Alliance.
Trabajar para Salvar la Herencia de la Tierra de América
La nación 1,200-plus la tierra no lucrativa confía, las organizaciones que operan independientemente de gobierno, trabajan en las líneas anteriores con comunidades para ayudarlos salvan la herencia de la tierra de América. Las confianza basadas de la comunidad de la tierra son peritos en ayudar las maneras interesadas del hallazgo de hacendados para proteger su tierra en presencia de la presión jamás creciente del desarrollo.
Ellos pueden proteger la tierra por el donativo y la compra, trabajando con hacendados que desean donar o vender la conservación servidumbres (las restricciones permanentes del acto que previenen utilización de la tierra perjudicial), o adquiriendo la tierra total mantener el espacio como abierto. Las confianza de la tierra han sido extraordinariamente exitosas, protegi?más de 6.2 millones acres del espacio abierto, según el Censo Nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra.
El Censo nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra
¿El Censo Nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra, la estadística de la protección de la tierra de tallying por 2000 por confianza del nivel local y no lucrativas de tierra, pinta un retrato de un movimiento vibrante y efectivo, creado por gente concernida acerca de la pérdida del espacio abierto en sus comunidades hoy y el legado de la tierra que ellos legarán al futuro.?
El informe del Censo identific?dos mojones históricos para el movimiento privado de la conservación de la tierra que se estableci?en los Estados Unidos al fin del siglo XIX:
Por la primera vez desde que 1891, cuando la primera confianza no lucrativa de la tierra era fundada en los Estados Unidos, la tierra se ha protegido permanentemente en todos los 50 estados, el Distrito de Columbia y Puerto Rico por confianza no lucrativas y del nivel local de tierra.
Lo que es más importante, el Censo Nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra encontr?que las confianza locales y regionales de la tierra habían protegido más de 6.2 millones acres del espacio abierto, un área dos veces el tamaño de Connecticut.? Aunque los datos de marcas de Censo sólo de confianza locales y regionales de tierra, las confianza nacionales de la tierra habido protegido millón de acres también. ¿El Censo representa un movimiento creciente que es abastecido de combustible por el deseo de gente para salvar los espacios verdes y abrir las tierras que hacen cada comunidad extraordinaria.? El movimiento privado de la conservación puede es bien el segmento rapidamente creciente de la comunidad de la conservación.
Los Hallazgos específicos
El Censo Nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra proporciona un retrato exhaustivo del movimiento voluntario de la conservación de la tierra. El crecimiento ha ocurrido en cada faceta durante la ultima década del siglo XX:
* Al diciembre. 31, 2000, 6,225,225 acres de la tierra habían sido protegidos por confianza locales y regionales de tierra, un aumento del 226 por ciento sobre los 1.9 millones de acres protegidos al 1990.
* California, Nueva York Y Montana dirigi?la nación en la cantidad de la medida en acres protegida por la tierra local y regional confía.
* ¿Estaban 1,263 confianza locales y regionales de la tierra en la operación en 2000, un aumento del 42 por ciento sobre el número (887) que eso existiten 1990.?
La porción Central del sur del país (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma y Tejas) vio el crecimiento más rápido en el número de confianza de tierra. En esa región, Tejas vio el crecimiento el más grande, con 22 confianza de la tierra la tierra que conserva en 2000 en comparación con apenas nueve en 1990. El Suroeste y el Sudeste siguieron en los lugares de segundo y tercero. Una lista de tasas de crecimiento por la región forma parte de este informe.
Del más de 6.2 millones acres protegieron permanentemente, casi 2.6 millones de acres han sido protegidos por servidumbres de conservación, casi un quíntuplo (475 por ciento) el aumento sobre los 450,000 acres protegidos por servidumbres de conservación al .? de 1990 Al diciembre. 31, 2000, las confianza del nivel local de la tierra habían asegurado más de 11,600 acuerdos de servidumbre con hacendados que escogieron voluntariamente proteger su tierra.
Definir una Confianza de la Tierra
Para propósitos del Censo Nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra, una confianza de la tierra se ha definido como "La organización no lucrativa eso, cuando todo o la parte de su misión, activamente trabajo para conservar la tierra por emprender o ayuda dirige la tierra las transacciones principalmente la compra o aceptación de donativos de servidumbres de tierra o conservación.
Mientras las confianza de la tierra utilizan una variedad de métodos de proteger la tierra, dos del la mayoría del comúnmente utilizado son la compra o la aceptación de donativos de la tierra y la compra o la aceptación de donativos de una servidumbre de la conservación, un acuerdo legal que restringe permanentemente el desarrollo y el uso de la tierra de asegurar la protección de sus valores de la conservación.
Algunas confianza de la tierra adquieren la tierra y entonces lo transmite a otra organización no lucrativa o una agencia del gobierno para la protección y gerencia permanentes.
Las confianza de la tierra protegen la tierra por otros medios, incluyendo:
proporcionar la financiación a otros grupos para la adquisición de la tierra;
negociar con compradores de conservación
los individuos tenidos incoveniente en de la conservación que están dispuestos a invertir en la propiedad en la anticipación de su última y la protección permanente abre como el espacio; y
Las negociaciones que facilitan para la tierra para ser adquiridas por otra organización no lucrativa o una agencia pública.
Inspeccione la Metodología
¿Eran los datos completos de marzo a julio 2001 inspeccionando casi 1,700 organizaciones, primero por cuestionarios enviados y entonces por continuación las llamadas telefónicas donde necesitaron.? Aproximadamente 900 grupos respondidos a la inspección enviada o complet?la inspección documenta en línea. Las restantes 800 organizaciones fueron contactadas por teléfono, o los datos se obtuvieron de los centros de reparaciones de la confianza de la tierra del estado u otras organizaciones que trabajan directamente con confianza no lucrativas de tierra. Todas respuestas proporcionaron información en el espacio abierto protegido al diciembre. 31, 2000.
La información viene forma el El Censo nacional de la Confianza de la Tierra y la Alianza de la Confianza de la Tierra.
WHAT GOOD IS A LAND TRUST?
EASTER COMMUNITY GARDEN MASSACRE
Over Easter weekend bulldozers destroyed three community gardens in Brownsville, a Brooklyn neighborhood that is among the least well served by park space in the United States. Five more gardens are on deathwatch. These are gardens that were not saved in the recent agreement between the Attorney General's Office and the Mayor's office. ED NOTE: As were the 29 community gardens in Brooklyn and the five in Queens that now form the Brooklyn Queens Land Trust. Land Trust gardens are now (in the process of being completely) operated and owned by its' member gardeners. As such, they are forever protected from this type of activity. However, Brownsville garden activist Helen Mason and neighbors had been negotiating for at least one of the spaces. °We thought we were on the road to preservation.¡± Helen told us. Elected officials, HPD officials and the developers had been discussing a land trade so that the beautiful Fantasy Garden could be preserved.
DOOMSDAY BUDGET FOR PARKS
City pools would be closed for the summer. All city funded recreation centers would be shut down. Brooklyn and Queens zoos would be padlocked. Tree pruning contracts would be terminated. Part time and seasonal employment, now a primary source of park personnel, will be cut by more than 1000. 540 full time positions will be eliminated from current bare bones employment levels (20% of remaining staff).
This summary from New Yorkers for Parks outlines the costs to New Yorkers if money is not found to support the City's park system. While some additional funding is expected from new taxes, park services will not continue at even the current minimal levels. At a recent City Hall hearing Councilman Jackson noted that everyone knows that Parks needs more funding but asked, ¡°Where is the money to come from?¡±
The improved appearance and maintenance of public space is among the reasons New Yorkers feel more positively about city life now than they did 20 years ago. Quality public space is linked to better health, reduced crime, higher tax revenues, and a more content citizenry. It is budget time in the halls of government. (Write info@treebranch.com to join NOSC on City Council Parks Advocacy Day, May 14th.) A dedicated source of adequate park funding must be identified by our city. That fact is obvious to all who care about our parks.
PARKLAND PICKED FOR NEW BUNKER
With much of Downtown Brooklyn slated by the Mayor for new high-rise development you would think that the Office of Emergency Management would have no trouble locating its new bunker outside of a park. (The old bunker was in the World Trade Center.) But in all of NYC, only one place was deemed suitable for the fortress-like five-story building and ¡°preparedness¡± demands that we cede rare parkland right up against the Brooklyn Bridge quickly, they say. The developers of this facility claim they don¡¯t have to go to the State legislature to alienate the parkland because they will be using the footprint of an existing smaller building. This is not the first time Walt Whitman Park has been attacked in the interest of °more important priorities". For at least five years, a substantial piece of the park has been leased out for a parking lot. City Council, in a vote last Wednesday, may have limited OEM¡¯s ability to build. While Council approved the building, they passed a resolution that stated that the use of parkland cannot be affected, all parking has to be on-site, and that fuel tanks cannot be located there.
orginally published in Urban Outdoors
¿Qu?Bien Es las Confianza de la Tierra?
B> MASACRE de JARDIN de COMUNIDAD de PASCUA
Sobre excavadoras de fin de semana de Pascua destruy?tres jardines de la comunidad en Brownsville, un vencindario de Brooklyn que est?entre lo menos sirvi?bien por el espacio del parque en los Estados Unidos. Cinco más jardines están en el deathwatch. Estos son los jardines que no se salvaron en el acuerdo reciente entre la Oficina de Ministro de justicia y la oficina de Alcalde. La NOTA de ED: eran Como los 29 jardines de la comunidad en Brooklyn y el cinco en Reinas que ahora forman la Confianza de la Tierra de Reinas de Brooklyn. Los jardines de la Confianza de la tierra son ahora (en el proceso de es completamente) operado y posedo por su' jardineros de miembro. Como tan, ellos son protegidos para siempre de este tipo de la actividad. Sin embargo, Albañil de activista de jardín de Brownsville Helen y vecinos habían estado negociando para por lo menos uno de los espacios. °Pensamos estábamos en el camino a la conservación. ¡± Helen nos dijo. Los oficiales elegidos, los oficiales de HPD y los reveladores habían estado discutiendo un comercio de la tierra para que el Jardín hermoso de la Fantasía se pudiendo preservar.
El PRESUPUESTO del DIA DEL JUICIO FINAL PARA PARQUES
Las piscinas de la ciudad se cerrarían por el verano. Toda ciudad financi?los centros de la recreación serían cerrados. Los zoos de Brooklyn y Reinas serían cerrados con candado. Los contratos de la poda del árbol se terminarían. El tiempo de la parte y el empleo estacional, ahora una fuente primaria del personal del parque, ser?cortada por más de 1000. 540 posiciones repletas del tiempo se eliminarán de la corriente descubre huesos el empleo nivela (20% del personal restante).
Este resumen de Neoyorquino para resúmenes de Parques los costos a Neoyorquino si dinero no se encuentra para sostener el sistema del parque de la Ciudad. Mientras alguna financiación adicional se espera de impuestos nuevos, los servicios del parque no continuarán en aún los niveles mínimos actuales. En un Consejal reciente de oír de municipalidad Jackson not?que todos saben que Estacionan las necesidades más financiación pero preguntados, ¡°dónde est?el dinero de venir de?
La apariencia y la conservación mejoradas del espacio público están entre las razones Neoyorquino se siente más positivamente acerca de la vida de la ciudad ahora que ellos hicieron hace 20 años. El espacio del público de la calidad es trabado a mejor salud, al crimen reducido, a rentas más altas de impuesto, y a un ciudadanos más contentos. Es tiempo de presupuesto en los vestíbulos del gobierno. (Escriba info@treebranch.com para unir NOSC en el Día del Apoyo de Parques de ayuntamiento, Puede 14th.) Una fuente dedicada de la financiación adecuada del parque debe ser identificada por nuestra ciudad. Ese hecho es obvio a todo que tiene interés en nuestros parques.
Los JARDINES ESCOGIERON PARA BUNKER NUEVO
Con mucho del Centro Brooklyn design?por el Alcalde para el desarrollo de muchas plantas nuevo usted pensaría que la Oficina de la Administración de la Emergencia tendría no problema que localiza su exterior nuevo de bunker de un parque. (El bunker viejo estaba en el World Trade Center.) Pero en todo NYC, sólo un lugar se crey?adecuado para la construcción de cinco cuentos apreciando de fortaleza y ¡°preparedness¡± las demandas que cedemos el derecho raro de jardines arriba contra el Puente de Brooklyn rápidamente, ellos dicen. Los reveladores de esta facilidad reclaman que ellos se ponen¡¯T tiene que ir a la legislatura del Estado a enajenar los jardines porque ellos estarán utilizando la huella de un edificio más pequeño existente. Esto no es el primer Parque de tiempo Walt Whitman se ha atacado en el interés de °las prioridades más importantes". Para por lo menos cinco años, un pedazo substancial del parque se ha arrendado fuera para un parking. Ayuntamiento, en un voto dura el miércoles, puede haber limitado el fabricante de origen¡¯la habilidad de s para construir. Mientras el Concilio aprob?el edificio, ellos pasaron una resolución que indic?que el uso de jardines no se puede afectar, todo estacionamiento tiene que ser in situ, y eso abastece de combustible los tanques no se pueden localizar all?
COMMUNITY GARDENS: WHAT, WHY AND HOW?¿Los JARDINES de la
By Laurel Smith, Ph.D., Bob Randall, Ph.D., staff and volunteers of Urban Harvest
What is a community garden?
Community gardens are gardens designed to improve a community. For anyone interested in planting the seeds of change in his or her neighborhood, and who enjoys gardening, the concept of community gardening may fit like a glove—a well-soiled glove.
The concept of community gardens developed long before the Victory Gardens of World War II, but today’s gardens encompass much more. They include not only modern victory gardens where people grow food together for their own consumption, but also donation gardens combating hunger, educational gardens teaching adults or school children, market gardens supplementing incomes, and gardens providing mental or physical therapy.
Such gardens flourish only if they have adequate support. If a tomato seed sprouts in a lawn, chances are that its potential will not be realized. But most people have not had the opportunity to learn to use the land to grow the plants they want, so without help, their gardening efforts often fail. Learning to practice horticulture productively and sustainably is like learning to read. It takes time and instruction. Nearly anyone can master it, and the result is often significant personal and societal gain. An educational system is needed to teach gardening and trained teachers are crucial.
Why are community gardens valuable?
Building Communities
A community garden, if put in the right place and sufficiently supported, provides a public demonstration that residents can build something beautiful together. If residents can work together to create a productive green space, they can use those same skills to address critical problems like crime, homelessness, and blight plaguing their communities. In parks and other highly public places, the regular presence of responsible adults can reduce crime and promote productive activities.
Improving Nutrition and Reducing Hunger
Poor nutrition is widespread. Many Americans eat few fresh fruits, herbs, and vegetables and their health suffers. Community gardens teach people how to grow the best tasting varieties of fresh, pesticide-free produce, making delicious, nutritious produce more available and appreciated. This increases the chance people will eat the targeted five to nine servings of produce that cancer and heart authorities recommend.
For the less fortunate, gardens can reduce hunger. Hunger is a chronic problem: more than half a million people are estimated to go without food for part of the month. If all were lined up, the line would reach 140 miles. Half would be children, and most of the other half would be elderly or disabled. With regular work, community vegetable gardens typically produce about 500 servings per year in a 40 ft. by 5 ft. raised bed. The best gardens have produced more than twice this amount. Fresh produce from community gardens supplements the canned supplies that stock the shelves of food pantries and homeless shelters.
Helping the Environment
In addition to providing the community with nutritious food, today’s organic community gardens teach and inspire sustainable land use. As our population continues to move from rural areas to urban centers, most of our agrarian heritage has been left behind or forgotten. Now we have no system in place for teaching or experiencing ways to manage and use wisely the land that we have around us.
Most people do not know how to control pests, irrigate the land or improve the soil in an environmentally friendly way. American cities could have a better ecological balance. In most cities pests are too many; water bills are too high; and beneficial creatures are too few. The soils are poor, yet, regrettably, organic wastes go to landfills. Community Gardens can teach sound land management and make ventures into food production successful. School gardens that complement and enhance classroom curricula can also serve as valuable demonstration gardens for the surrounding community.
Providing Income
New York and other states are undergoing economically difficult times and many cities have large numbers of unemployed people, vast amounts of unused land. Generally, there are few truck farmers. Community gardens can help deal with these problems. They can help gardeners learn how to grow food organically with a minimum of effort, and how to sell their crops to neighbors, local restaurants, and caterers who are desperately searching for sources of locally grown, good tasting produce. Subscription gardening (ongoing contract sales to a group of people) and Green Markets (small scale, periodic markets with sales of produce by grower) are other marketing options for gardeners who have smaller quantities of produce to sell. Visit the Green Markets in East New York selling produce grown in community gardens and from small truck farmers.
Getting Physical Exercise, Increasing Health and Pride
Health and physical exercise or therapy are other possible aims of community gardens. Taking care of plants, watching birds and butterflies, enjoying the outdoors, and getting exercise are all good for Abody and spirit. Community gardens can help people suffering from stress and many forms of mental and physical illness.
COMMUNITY GARDENING PROGRAMS TO THE RESCUE
Urban Harvest and other community gardening programs are dedicated to strengthening communities through gardening. Other goals are to ease urban hunger, revitalize neighborhoods, provide environmental education for the young and old, help supplement low-income residents’ income, and furnish better food for everyone.
Excerpts from article copyrighted 5/2000
¿Los JARDINES de la COMUNIDAD: QUE, POR QUE Y COMO?
Por Laurel Smith, el Ph. D., Corta Randall, el Ph. D., el personal y los voluntarios de Cosecha Urbana
Qué es un jardín de la comunidad
Los jardines de la comunidad son los jardines diseñaron para mejorar una comunidad. Para cualquiera interesó a plantar las semillas del cambio en su vencindario, y que gozan la horticultura, el concepto de la horticultura de la comunidad puede quedar como un guante—un guante de soiled de pozo.
El concepto de jardines de comunidad desarrollados largos antes los Jardines de Victoria de segunda Guerra mundial, pero del hoy’los jardines de s abarcan mucho más. Ellos incluyen los jardines no sólo modernos de la victoria donde gente crece alimento junto para su propio consumo, pero también jardines de donativo la hambre que combate, los jardines educativos niños de adultos o escuela que enseñan, los jardines de mercadotecnia los ingresos que suplementan, y los jardines la terapia mental o física que proporciona.
Tales jardines prosperan sólo si ellos tienen apoyo adecuado. Si una semilla de tomate brota en un césped, las oportunidades son que su potencial no se dará cuenta. Pero la mayoría de las gente no han tenido la oportunidad de aprender a utilizar la tierra para crecer las plantas que ellos quieren, así que sin ayuda, sus esfuerzos de la horticultura a menudo fallan. El aprendizaje para practicar la horticultura está sosteniblemente y productivamente como el aprendizaje de leer. Lleva tiempo y la instrucción. Casi cualquiera lo puede dominar, y el resultado es a menudo significativo personal y la ganancia de societal. Un sistema educativo se necesita enseñar la horticultura y maestros entrenados son crucial.
¿Por qué jardines de comunidad son valiosos?
Las Comunidades que construyen
Un jardín de la comunidad, si puso en el lugar correcto y suficientemente sostenido, proporciona una demostración pública que residentes pueden construir algo hermoso junto. Si residentes pueden trabajar juntos para crear un espacio verde productivo, ellos pueden utilizar esas mismas habilidades para dirigir los problemas críticos como el crimen, como homelessness, y como plagar de desperfecto sus comunidades. En parques y otros lugares sumamente públicos, la presencia regular de adultos responsables puede reducir el crimen y promover las actividades productivas.
La Nutrición que mejora y la Hambre que Reduce
La nutrición pobre es esparcida. Muchos Americanos comen pocas fruta frescas, las hierbas, y las verduras y su salud sufren. Los jardines de la comunidad enseñan a gente a cómo crecer las mejores variedades que prueban de fresco, pesticida liberta el producto, haciendo el producto delicioso y nutritivo más disponible y apreciado. Esto aumenta a la gente fortuita comerá el concentró en cinco a nueve porciones del producto esas autoridades del cancer y el corazón recomiendan.
Para el menos afortunado, los jardines pueden reducir la hambre. La hambre es un problema crónico: más que la mitad que una millona persona se estiman para ir sin alimento para la parte del mes. Si todo fueron formados fila, la línea alcanzaría 140 millas. La mitad sería niñas, y la mayor parte de la otra mitad serían mayores o incapacitados. Con el trabajo regular, los jardines de verdura de comunidad producen típicamente acerca de 500 porciones por año en un 40 pies por 5 pies cama levantada. Los mejores jardines han producido más que dos veces esta cantidad. El producto fresco de suplementos de jardines de comunidad el pudo los suministros que acciones el arrincona de despensas de alimento y refugios sin hogar.
Ayudar el Ambiente
Además de proporcionar la comunidad con alimento nutritivo, hoy’s los jardines orgánicos de la comunidad enseñan e inspiran utilización de la tierra sostenible. Cuando nuestra población continúa mover de áreas rurales a centros urbanos, la mayor parte de nuestra herencia agraria se ha dejado atrás u olvidado. Ahora tenemos no sistema en el lugar para maneras de enseñar ni experimentar para manejar y utilizar sabiamente la tierra que tenemos alrededor nosotros.
La mayoría de las gente no saben para cómo controlar pestes, irrigar la tierra o mejorar la tierra en una manera ambientalmente amistosa. Las ciudades americanas podrían tener un mejor equilibrio ecológico. En la mayoría de las pestes de la ciudad son demasiados; cuentas de agua son demasiado altas; y criaturas beneficiosas son demasiado pocos. Las tierras son pobres, todavía, lamentablemente, los desechos orgánicos van al landfills. Los Jardines de la comunidad pueden enseñar el sonido la administración de la tierra y aventuras de marca en la producción de alimento exitosa. Eduque los jardines que complementan y aumentan los planes de aula pueden servir también los jardines como valiosos de la demostración para la comunidad circundante.
Los Ingresos que proporcionan
Nueva York y otros estados experimentan tiempos económicamente difíciles y muchas ciudades tienen mucha a gente parada, las cantidades vastas de la tierra nueva. Generalmente, hay pocos granjeros de camión. Los jardines de la comunidad pueden ayudar el trato con estos problemas. Ellos pueden ayudar a jardineros aprenden a cómo crecer alimento orgánicamente con un mínimo del esfuerzo, y cómo vender sus cosechas a vecinos, a los restaurantes locales, y a los abastecedores que buscan desesperadamente para fuentes de localmente crecido, el producto de probar de bien. La horticultura de la suscripción (las ventas progresivas del contrato a un grupo de gente) y los Mercados Verdes (la escala pequeña, los mercados periódicos con ventas del producto por cultivador) son otras opciones que venden para jardineros que tienen las cantidades más pequeñas del producto de vender. Visite los Mercados Verdes en la venta Oriental de Nueva York producen crecido en jardines de comunidad y de granjeros pequeños de camión.
El Ejercicio Físico que obtiene, la Salud y el Orgullo Crecientes
La salud y el ejercicio o la terapia físico son otras punterías posibles de jardines de comunidad. Cuidando de plantas, pájaros que miran y las mariposas, gozando el aire libre, y el ejercicio que obtiene son todo bien para Abody y el espíritu. Los jardines de la comunidad pueden ayudar el sufrimiento de gente del énfasis y muchas formas de la enfermedad mental y física.
La HORTICULTURA de la COMUNIDAD PROGRAMA AL RESCATE
La Cosecha urbana y otros programas de la horticultura de la comunidad son dedicados a comunidades fortificantes por la horticultura. Otras metas deberán aliviar la hambre urbana, revitaliza los vencindarios, proporcionan la educación ambiental para los jóvenes y viejo, la ayuda suplementa a residentes de ingresos bajos’ los ingresos, y proporciona mejor alimento para todos.
Los extractos del artículo registraron en el registro de la propiedad literaria 5/2000
orginally public?en el aire libre Urbano
It's deadly, infectious and not going away. What we've learned about the virus and how scared we should be
By Michael D. Lemonick and Alice Park
Posted Sunday, April 27, 2003; 2:31 p.m. EST
So far, the U.S. has been lucky. It has been nearly six months since the SARS outbreak emerged and more than six weeks since the illness spread from its birthplace in southern China to put the world on alert. Yet with more than 4,800 cases in at least 26 countries to date, a disease that has rocked Asian markets, ruined the tourist trade of an entire region, nearly bankrupted airlines and spread panic through some of the world's largest countries has largely passed the U.S. by.
Hospitals and schools were shut down last week in Beijing, thousands of people were put under quarantine, and rumors flew through the capital that martial law was about to be imposed. But in the U.S., only about 40 people are believed to have severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. The number of cases doesn't seem to be growing, and¡ªmost reassuring of all¡ªas of last Saturday, not a single victim had died.
But if Americans think that they have dodged the biological bullet, they had better think again. As the truth about SARS comes out¡ªslowly, due in large part to government cover-ups in the land of its birth¡ªit is becoming clear that what is taking place in Asia threatens the entire world. Epidemiologists have long worried about a highly contagious, fatal disease that could spread quickly around the globe, and SARS might end up confirming their worst fears. Microbes can go wherever jet airliners do these days, so it is a very real possibility that the disease has not yet shown its full fury. "We don't know the reason that we've been lucky so far," says Dr. Julie Gerberding, director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), "but we're not taking any chances."
Americans should not count on their sophisticated health-care system to protect them. China may be relatively backward, but Hong Kong, with a modern medical system, has experienced about as many deaths as have been reported in the rest of China put together. And only a few hours' drive from Buffalo, N.Y., or Detroit, just across the Canadian border, a Western city that thought it had done just about everything possible to contain its outbreak keeps losing ground. A few weeks ago, Toronto believed that the epidemic was winding down. Now, with 20 deaths, it's the first place outside Asia to be put on a do-not-visit list issued by the World Health Organization (WHO)¡ªa public humiliation that infuriated Toronto residents. ("I've never been so angry in my whole life," declared Mayor Mel Lastman.) Beijing and Shanxi province also joined the list last week; Hong Kong and Guangdong province, where the outbreak began, have been on it for weeks.
With fewer than 300 known SARS deaths so far, the worldwide toll is tiny compared with, say, the 3 million people who died of AIDS last year. But if SARS continues to spread, its numbers could skyrocket. Its overall death rate of about 6% is far lower than that of AIDS, Ebola or malaria, but if enough people catch the illness, even a low rate could cause a catastrophe. The Spanish flu epidemic of 1918-19 had a death rate of less than 3%, but so many people became infected that it killed more than 20 million people in just 18 months. The financial toll, meanwhile, is already catastrophic. Economists predict that China and South Korea could each suffer some $2 billion in SARS-related losses in tourism, retail sales and productivity. Japan and Hong Kong stand to lose more than $1 billion apiece, and Taiwan and Singapore could lose nearly that much. In Canada, meanwhile, J.P. Morgan Securities Canada estimates that Toronto is losing $30 million a day. All told, says WHO, the global cost of SARS is approaching $30 billion.
And nobody can forecast how much worse it could get. The more victims there are, the greater the chance that SARS will spread¡ªand there may be a lot more cases in China than anyone realizes. It's hard to gather information in such a vast country under the best of circumstances, but the actions of Chinese officials have made the situation worse. In April the government finally grudgingly admitted that SARS is a problem and belatedly allowed in a WHO team to investigate. Soon doctors at Beijing hospitals began leaking word of a massive cover-up. The country's Health Minister and the mayor of Beijing were dismissed last week from their jobs and their Communist Party posts. Chinese officials have revised their numbers, but they are still not telling WHO about patterns of spread. "Right now," says Jeffrey McFarland, a member of the Beijing WHO team,"we're getting exactly the same information as the press."
CURBING THE SPREAD
Beyond that, the physical mechanism by which SARS is spread is still unclear. In mid-March, Hong Kong officials thought they knew how to control the epidemic. Since SARS seemed to require close contact with a victim, anyone suspected of infection was quarantined, and doctors and nurses were careful to wear protective clothing when dealing with patients. Then came Amoy Gardens. Clusters of cases began proliferating in the giant, 33-floor apartment towers in Hong Kong. Ultimately, more than 300 residents of the complex came down with SARS (at least 15 have died), even though many of them seemed to have had no direct contact with one another.
In fact, despite intensive research in labs all over the world, scientists still have more questions than answers about SARS and the coronavirus that causes it. So while teams from WHO are helping health workers on the front lines, other scientists are redoubling their efforts to understand SARS' natural history.
One mystery is where the disease came from. Coronaviruses have long been known to veterinary medicine because they routinely infect livestock, ducks and other domestic animals. In humans they had never caused anything worse than a cold, but this strain is clearly different. Given belated access to Chinese records just three weeks ago, WHO teams are looking carefully at the records of human cases. They also plan to conduct more detailed studies of unusual infections in animal populations. If they can find the animal hosts, they might be able to prevent new animal-to-human transmissions.
Meanwhile, top virologists in the U.S., Canada, Hong Kong, Germany and several other nations have linked up to create a sort of virtual research lab. Their goal: to understand the virus itself. They identified the SARS virus several weeks ago, and now they are trying to come up with diagnostic tests. That's crucial. Early SARS cases present the same fevers, muscle aches and diarrhea as flu victims, and without a way to distinguish between them, the public-health system could be quickly overwhelmed.
The virtual lab and independent biotech companies have already come up with several tests, but they are not yet reliable enough to be widely deployed. Canadian microbiologists reported last week that as many as 40% of their SARS patients did not test positive for coronavirus. That might be because their tests are not sufficiently sensitive or, even more worrisome, because the coronavirus has mutated enough to elude detection.
Yet another open question is precisely how the disease spreads. Doctors first concluded that the agent responsible for SARS is transmitted by droplets expelled by coughs or sneezes. After the burst of cases in Hong Kong's Amoy Gardens complex and the particularly aggressive spread of SARS in Toronto among health-care workers, however, scientists now speculate that there may be other mechanisms as well. In Amoy Gardens, for example, transmission may have occurred via contaminated fecal matter leaking from a broken sewage pipe. That would explain the lack of direct contact, as well as the fact that all these cases, unlike those in mainland China and Toronto, are characterized by severe diarrhea.
RAPID MUTATION
It may also be that the microbe has mutated into several subtly different strains producing different symptoms. This might explain some of the perplexing transmission patterns seen on planes: people sitting next to SARS victims did not always get infected, while those across the aisle sometimes did. Perhaps the latter had used a lavatory immediately after an affected passenger.
Multiple strains would not be surprising. This bug's genetic code is based on RNA, a single-stranded molecule very similar to DNA. Unlike DNA, however, RNA has no built-in proofreading mechanism to fix mistakes in the replication process. Most of these don't amount to anything, but every once in a while an error may make the microbe more infectious. Beyond that, says Dr. Robert Webster, chief of virology at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tenn., "when a virus comes across to a new host, what does a virus do? It varies like crazy."
In Toronto health-care officials are especially alarmed by the high number of SARS cases among health-care workers who had taken all the recommended precautions, including wearing gloves, masks and gowns and vigorously washing their hands. The problem there may have been fatigue and complacency in the changing room. CDC scientists reported last week that the virus can survive as long as 24 hours outside the body: doctors and nurses who touch their protective gear while changing into regular clothing may be unwittingly exposing themselves and others to the coronavirus.
Another factor scientists do not understand is the superspreader, a person who appears to pass the disease on with extraordinary efficiency. Part of the explanation may be in the individual's genetics. "We don't know what those genetic factors are yet," says Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), "but they're not necessarily related to how sick the person is." Some experts suspect that superspreaders might have a more virulent strain of coronavirus or be co-infected with other microbes. Having multiple infections may, these scientists speculate, increase one's chance of passing on the disease.
The risk of death from SARS, meanwhile, may have less to do with a particular strain of the virus and more to do with the body's reaction to it. "The immunological and inflammatory response of the body," says Fauci, "could be contributing significantly to the damage in the lungs." But nailing that down, along with questions of whether survivors become immune to further infection and whether the disease is permanently with us, like AIDS, will take more research.
So will the search for a vaccine. The biotech company GenVec announced plans last week to collaborate with NIAID to insert portions of the coronavirus genome into a weakened cold virus. If the proteins generated by these snippets are powerful enough to trigger an effective immune response, then the resulting vaccine might be successful. NIAID is also coordinating separate U.S. government efforts to develop vaccine candidates. And the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease is screening thousands of compounds to see if any might slow or stop the disease.
With any luck, SARS won't hit the U.S. hard until some of these loose ends are tied up. Airlines have handed out more than 500,000 yellow health-alert cards from the CDC that tell passengers arriving from SARS-prevalent areas what symptoms to be alert for and whom their doctors can call; the CDC has also posted on its website detailed information for health-care workers.
But that may only put off the inevitable. While the U.S. is better equipped than most countries to detect and contain epidemics, it's pure luck that it has not been hit harder. So far, none of the handful of people who have carried the virus to the U.S. from Asia have been superspreaders. And health-care workers in the U.S. have not yet made any of the mistakes that tripped up the Canadians: a patient transferred from an affected hospital to an unaffected one, lax enforcement of isolation orders, hospital workers who may not have been vigilant enough with protective gear.
The more time that passes, the better the U.S. can learn from the experience of other countries. But as long as there are even small pockets of infection lingering anywhere in the world, an outbreak is always a threat. In a world as interconnected as ours, it may just be a matter of time before SARS strikes in the U.S. the way it has elsewhere. "It's too soon to count our chickens," says Fauci. "This is an evolving epidemic, and we need to take it very seriously."
¡ªReported by Steven Frank and Daffyd Roderick/Toronto, Matthew Forney/Guangzhou and Susan Jakes and Huang Yong/Beijing
LA VERDAD ACERCA DE SARS Cronometre artículo de Revista reimprimido
Es mortal, contagioso y no ir. Qu?nosotros hemos aprendido acerca del virus y cómo espantado debemos estar Por Michael D. Lemonick y Parque de Alice Anunciaron el
domingo, el 27 de abril de 2003; 2:31 de la tarde. EST
Hasta ahora, los EE.UU. ha tenido suerte. Ha sido casi seis meses desde que el comienzo de SARS surgi?y más de seis semanas desde que la extensión de la enfermedad de su lugar de nacimiento en China meridional para poner el mundo en la alarma. Todavía con más de 4,800 casos en por lo menos 26 países para fechar, una enfermedad que ha mecido los mercados asiáticos, arruin?el comercio de turista de una región entera, el pánico casi hecho quebrar de lineas aéreas y extensión por parte del países más grandes de mundo ha pasado en gran parte los EE.UU. por. Los hospitales y las escuelas fueron cerrados la semana pasada en Pekín, miles de gente fueron puestas bajo la cuarentena, y los rumores volaron por la capital que esa ley marcial estaba acerca de ser impuesto. Pero en los EE.UU., sólo acerca de 40 personas son creídos tener síndrome, o SARS respiratorio, agudo y severo. El número de casos no parece estar creciendo, y¡ªla mayoría del alentar de todo¡ªal dura el sábado, no una sola víctima había muerto.
Pero si Americanos piensan que ellos han eludido la bala biológica, ellos tuvieron piensa mejor otra vez. Cuando la verdad acerca de SARS sale¡ªlentamente, debido en la parte grande al encubrimiento del gobierno en la tierra de su nacimiento¡ªse aclara que lo que sucede en Asia amenaza el mundo entero. Los epidemiólogos tienen se preocup?mucho tiempo por una enfermedad sumamente contagiosa y fatal que podría esparcir rápidamente alrededor del globo, y SARS quizás acabe por confirmar sus temores peores. Los microbios pueden ir dondequiera puede lanzar en chorro aviones comerciales hacen estos días, as?que no es una posibilidad muy verdadera que la enfermedad tiene mas mostrada su furia repleta. "Nosotros no sabemos la razón que hemos tenido suerte hasta ahora," dice Dr. Julie Gerberding, el director de los EE.UU. Los centros para el Control (CDC) de la Enfermedad, "pero nosotros no tomamos cualquiera acaece."
Los americanos no deben contar con su sistema sofisticado de asistencia sanitaria para protegerlos. China puede ser relativamente atrasada, pero Hong-Kong, con un sistema médico moderno, ha experimentado acerca de como muchas muertes como se ha informado en el resto de China puso junto. Y sólo unos pocas campaña de horas del Búfalo, N. Y., o Detroit, apenas a través de la frontera canadiense, una ciudad Occidental que pens?lo había hecho casi igual todo posible para contener su comienzo mantiene el suelo que pierde. Hace algunos semanas, Toronto crey?que la epidemia enrollaba hacia abajo. Ahora, con 20 muertes, es el primer lugar Asia exterior de se ser puesta un hace no visita lista publicado por la Organización (WHO)¡ªa de la Salud de Mundo la humillación pública que infureci?a residentes de Toronto. ("I've nunca estuvo tan enojado en mi vida entera," Alcalde declarado Mel Lastman.) Pekín y la provincia de Shanxi unieron también la lista la semana pasada; Hong-Kong y la provincia de Guangdong, donde el comienzo comenz? han estado en lo por semanas.
Con menos que 300 muertes conocidas de SARS hasta ahora, el peaje mundial es diminuto comparado con, dice, los 3 millones de gente que murieron de AYUDAS el año pasado. Pero si SARS continúa esparcir, sus números pueden el cohete. Su mortalidad general de acerca de 6% es bajar distante que eso de AYUDAS, el ébola o la malaria, pero si suficiente persona agarra la enfermedad, aún una tasa baja podría causar una catastrofe. La epidemia española de la gripe de 1918-19 tuvo un mortalidad de menos de 3%, pero as?que muchas personas llegaron a ser infect?que mat?más de 20 millona persona en apenas 18 meses. El peaje financiero, mientras tanto, es ya catastrófico. Los economistas predicen que China y Corea del sur pueden cada sufre unos $2 mil millones en pérdidas relacionadas de SARS en el turismo, las ventas al por menor y productividad. Japón y el soporte de Hong-Kong para perder más de $1 mil millones cada uno, y Taiwán y Singapur podrían perder casi ese tanto. En Canad? mientras tanto, J. P. Las Seguridades de Morgan Canad?estima ese Toronto pierde $30 millón al día. Todo dicho, dice QUIEN, el costo global de SARS se acerca $30 mil millones.
Y nadie puede pronosticar cuánto peor podría obtener. Las más víctimas hay, la más grande la oportunidad que SARS esparcirᡪy puede haber mucho más embala en China que cualquiera se da cuenta. Deber?reunir duramente información en tal país vasto bajo el mejor de circunstancias, pero de las acciones de oficiales chinos han hecho la situación peor. En abril que el gobierno finalmente admiti?a regañadientes que SARS es un problema y atrasadamente permitido en un QUIEN equipo para investigar. Pronto doctores en hospitales de Pekín comenzaron palabra que se sale de un encubrimiento masivo. El Ministro de la Salud del país y el alcalde de Pekín fueron despedidos la semana pasada de sus trabajos y sus postes comunistas de Partido. Los oficiales chinos han revisado sus números, pero ellos todavía no dicen QUIEN acerca de pautas de la extensión. "En este momento," dice Jeffrey McFarland, un miembro del Pekín QUE equipo, "we're que obtiene exactamente la misma información como la prensa."
LIMITAR LA EXTENSION
Más all?de eso, el mecanismo físico por cuál SARS se esparce es todavía poco claro. En de marzo medio, los oficiales de Hong-Kong pensaron ellos supieron para cómo controlar la epidemia. Desde que SARS pareci?requerir el contacto cercano con una víctima, cualquiera sospech?de la infección fue puesto en cuarentena, y los doctores y los enfermeros tenían cuidado para llevar la ropa protectora cuando tratar con pacientes. Entonces vino los Jardines de Amoy. Los grupos de casos comenzaron a proliferar en el gigante, torres de 33 pisos de apartamento en Hong-Kong. Ultimamente, más de 300 residentes del complejo se enfermaron de SARS (por lo menos 15 han muerto), aunque muchos de ellos parecieron haber tenido no contacto directo con el uno al otro.
De hecho, a pesar de investigación intensiva en laboratorios por todo el mundo, los científicos tienen todavía más preguntas que las respuestas acerca de SARS y el coronavirus que causa. Tan mientras los equipos de QUE ayudan a trabajadores de salud en las líneas anteriores, otros científicos redoblan sus esfuerzos de entender SARS' la historia natural.
Un misterio es donde la enfermedad vino de. Coronaviruses tiene fue mucho tiempo conocido a la medicina veterinaria porque ellos infectan rutinariamente ganado, los patos y otros animales domésticos. En los humanos que ellos nunca habían causado nada peor que un resfriado, pero este esfuerzo son claramente diferente. El acceso atrasado dado a registros chinos apenas hace tres semanas, QUIEN equipos miran detenidamente en los registros de casos humanos. Ellos planean también conducir los estudios más detallados de infecciones excepcionales en poblaciones animales. Si ellos pueden encontrar a los anfitriones animales, ellos quizás sean capaces de prevenir animal nuevo a transmisiones humanas.
Mientras tanto, virólogos primeros en los EE.UU., Canad? Hong-Kong, la Alemania y varias otras naciones han conectado para crear un tipo del laboratorio virtual de investigación. Su meta: entender el virus él mismo. Ellos identificaron el virus de SARS hace varios semanas, y ahora ellos tratan de proponer las pruebas diagnósticas. Eso es crucial. Los casos tempranos de SARS presentan las mismas fiebre, dolores de músculo y diarrea como víctimas de gripe, y sin una manera de distinguirse entre ellos, el sistema sanitario se podría agobiar rápidamente.
El laboratorio y las compañías virtual biotecnológicas independientes han propuesto ya varias pruebas, pero ellos no son mas suficiente seguro ser desplegado extensamente. Los microbiólogos canadienses informaron la semana pasada que tanto como 40% de sus pacientes de SARS no prob?positivo para el coronavirus. Eso quizás sea porque sus pruebas no son suficientemente sensible ni, aún más inquietante, porque el coronavirus ha mutado suficiente en eludir el descubrimiento.
Mas otra pregunta abierta es precisamente cómo las extensiones de la enfermedad. Los doctores concluyeron primero que el agente responsable de SARS es transmitido por gotitas expulsadas por toses o estornudos. Después que el chorro de casos en el complejo de Jardines de Hong-Kong Amoy y la extensión especialmente agresiva de SARS en el Toronto entre trabajadores de asistencia sanitaria, sin embargo, los científicos ahora especulan eso puede haber otros mecanismos también. En Jardines de Amoy, por ejemplo, la transmisión puede haber ocurrido puede haber contaminado vía salir fecal de cuestión de un tubo roto del agua residual. Eso explicaría la falta del contacto directo, as?como el hecho que todo estos casos, a diferencia de ésos en el continente China y Toronto, son caracterizados por diarrea severa.
MUTACION RAPIDA
Puede ser también que el microbio ha mutado en varios esfuerzos sutilmente diferentes los síntomas diferentes que producen. Esto quizás explique parte del transmisión que desconceieta modela visto en aviones: sentar de gente luego a víctimas de SARS no siempre obtuvo infectado, mientras ésos a través del pasillo hicieron a veces. Quizás el último había utilizado un retrete inmediatamente después de un pasajero afectado.
Los esfuerzos del múltiplo no estarían sorprendiendo. Este código genético del bicho se basa en RNA, un solo desamparar molécula muy semejante al ADN. El ADN desemejante, sin embargo, RNA tiene no mecanismo incorporado que corrige para fijar los errores en el proceso de réplica. La mayor parte de estos no asciende a nada, pero de vez en cuando un error puede hacer el microbio más contagioso. Más all?de eso, dice Dr. Robert Webster, el jefe de virología en S. ¿El Hospital de Investigación de Niños de Jude en Memphis, Tenn., "cuando un virus se encuentra con a un anfitrión nuevo, qu?un virus hace? Varía como loco."
En oficiales de asistencia sanitaria de Toronto son alarmados especialmente por el número alto de casos de SARS entre trabajadores de asistencia sanitaria que habían tomado todas las precauciones recomendadas, inclusive llevar guantes, las máscaras y las batas y vigorosamente lavar las manos. El problema puede haber habido la fatiga y la satisfacción en el espacio cambiante. Los científicos de CDC informados la semana pasada que el virus puede sobrevivir tan largo como 24 horas fuera del cuerpo: doctores y enfermeros que tocan su engranaje protector mientras cambiante en la ropa regular puede estar exponiendo a s?mismo sin querer y los otros al coronavirus.
Otro científicos del factor no entienden es el superspreader, una persona que aparece de pasar la enfermedad en con la eficiencia extraordinaria. La parte de la explicación puede estar en la genética del individuo. "Nosotros no sabemos lo que esos factores genéticos son todavía," dice Dr. Anthony Fauci, el director del Instituto Nacional de Alergia y Enfermedades (NIAID) Contagiosas, "pero ellos no son estados necesariamente relacionado con cuán enferma la persona es." Algún sospechoso de peritos que ese superspreaders quizás tenga un esfuerzo más virulento de coronavirus o sea co infectado con otros microbios. Tener múltiples infecciones pueden, estos científicos especulan, aumentan una oportunidad de pasajero en la enfermedad.
El riesgo de la muerte de SARS, mientras tanto, tendr?que hacer menos con cierto esfuerzo del virus y más hacer con la reacción del cuerpo a. "La respuesta inmunológica e incitante del cuerpo," dice Fauci, "podría estar contribuyendo apreciablemente al daño en los pulmones." Pero clavar eso hacia abajo, junto con preguntas de si sobrevivientes llegan a ser inmunes a la infección adicional y si la enfermedad es permanentemente con nosotros, como AYUDAS, tomar?más investigación.
Tan haga la búsqueda para una vacuna. La compañía biotecnológica GenVec anunci?los planes para colaborar la semana pasada con NIAID para meter las porciones del genoma de coronavirus en un virus frío debilitado. Si las proteínas engendradas por estos recortes son suficiente poderosas provocar una respuesta inmune efectiva, entonces la vacuna resultante tiene éxito. NIAID coordina también los esfuerzos separados del gobierno de EE.UU. para desarrollar vacuna candidatos. Y los EE.UU. El ejército el Instituto Médico de Investigación para la Enfermedad Contagiosa selecciona miles de recintos para ver si cualquiera quizás afloje o quizás pare la enfermedad.
Con cualquier suerte, SARS no golpear?los EE.UU. duramente hasta que algunos de estos detalles serán atados. Las lineas aéreas han repartido tarjetas alertas de salud más de 500,000 amarillas del CDC que dice a pasajeros que llegan de áreas predominantes de SARS lo que síntomas para ser la alarma para y para quien sus doctores pueden llamar; el CDC ha anunciado también en su sitio web información detallada para trabajadores de asistencia sanitaria.
Pero eso puede sólo posterg?el inevitable. Mientras los EE.UU. se equipan mejor que la mayoría de los países para discernir y contener las epidemias, son pura suerte que lo no se ha golpeado más duro. Hasta ahora, ninguna de la puñado de gente que ha llevado el virus a los EE.UU. de Asia ha sido superspreaders. Y trabajadores de asistencia sanitaria en los EE.UU. tienen no mas hicieron cualquiera de los errores que tropezaron arriba los Canadienses: un paciente transferido de un hospital afectado a un no afectado uno, la aplicación floja de órdenes de aislamiento, trabajadores de hospital que no pueden haber sido suficiente vigilantes con engranaje protector.
El más tiempo que pasa, los mejores los EE.UU. pueden aprender de la experiencia de otros países. Pero tan largo como hay los bolsillos aún pequeños de demorar de infección dondequiera en el mundo, un comienzo es siempre una amenaza. En un mundo tan interconexionado como nuestro, acaba de ser una cuestión de tiempo antes huelgas de SARS en los EE.UU. la manera que lo tiene en otra parte. "Es demasiado pronto contar nuestros pollos," dice Fauci. "Esto es una epidemia que evoluciona, y necesitan tomarlo muy gravemente."
¡ªInformado por Steven Franco y Daffyd Roderick/Toronto, Matthew Forney/Guangzhou y Susan Jakes y Huang Yong/Pekín
B>Hollenback Garden Rainwater Collection Demonstration Site
Hollenback Community Garden, a member of the Brooklyn Queens Land Trust, is one of twelve community gardens that will serve as Rainwater Harvesting demonstration sites. The rainwater harvesting system was built by the garden members with a coalition of greening groups on Wednesday, May 28. It took about six hours (12-6pm) to construct. Interested parties should visit the garden and allow it's members to unveil the new system and show how it will contribute to sustainable ecological practices.
What is rainwater harvesting?
There are two classes of rainwater harvesting systems:
*Systems which collect roof runoff for household or garden use.
*Systems which use in field or adjoining catchment to provide supplemental irrigation for agriculture.
Why harvest rainwater?
It's a shame to let runoff go to waste when it can be used indoors and/or for irrigation. The benefits of rainwater harvesting can include:
- Relief of strain on other water supply
- Ability to build, garden or farm in areas with no other water supply
- Cleaner water
- Increased independence and water security
- Lower water supply cost
- Reduced flood flows
- Reduced topsoil loss
- Improved plant growth
- Greater sensitivity to and connection with natural cycles
- Drought relief when water use is restricted
- source of pure, soft, low sodium water
If you remember the recent drought and the difficulties involved in getting enough water to keep your plants green (as in alive), it's worth a look-see. The Hollenbeck Garden is located at 460 Washington Avenue between Gates and Green Avenues.
Directions: C or G train to Clinton-Washington stop; take Washington Ave exit. The garden is next to PS 11.
Conserve Water in your Home
In the Bathroom . . .
Turn off the running water while you brush your teeth. (Save 1-5 gallons/minute.)
Turn off the water while shaving. Fill the sink with a little water and rinse your razor in that. (Save 1-5 gallons/minute.)
Install low-flow shower heads and toilets. (Save 1-5 gallons/minute.)
Take shorter showers. You can save 2 - 10 gallons for every minute you cut back. Or take a shallow bath instead. (Short showers with a low-flow shower head use less water than a bath.
In the shower, turn water off in-between soaping and rinsing.
Fix leaky faucets. Save up to 2,700 gallons/year.
Allow small children to bathe together. Use only 2 - 3 inches of water in the tub.
Fill your bathtub only half full for an adult-size bath. Save up to 12 gallons in a 24-gallon bath.
While waiting for the shower or bath water to warm up, save that water and use it on your house plants, flower beds, trees, in your pets' bowls, or elsewhere.
Get running toilets fixed. A running toilet can use as much as 30-500 gallons/day. If the toilet handle frequently sticks in the flush position letting water run, replace it or get it fixed.
Install a toilet dam or displacement device to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush. Put an inch or two of sand or pebbles in the bottom of a quart or larger container and fill the rest of the container with water. Put the cap on and place the bottle in your toilet tank, safely away from the operating mechanism. The container will save on each flush without impairing the efficiency of the toilet.
Put bathroom trash in the wastebasket instead of flushing it down the toilet.
Only flush when necessary. Try limiting family members to four flushes per day. This will likely mean that the toilet isn't flushed every time it's used. (Save 1-5 gallons/flush.)
Check your toilets for leaks. Put a few drops of food coloring in the tank. If the coloring begins to appear in the bowl without flushing, you have a leak that should be repaired immediately. Even a small leak can waste thousands of gallons a month.
In the Kitchen . . .
Don't use running water to thaw meat or other frozen foods. Defrost food in the fridge or use the defrost setting on your microwave.
Rinse vegetables and fruits with a sink full of clean water rather than running the water the whole time.
Don't run the tap to get cold or hot water. Keep a bottle or pitcher of drinking water in the fridge instead of running the water to cool it. Heat water in the microwave.
When washing dishes by hand, don't keep the water running. Use sinks full of water to wash and then rinse.
Soak pots and pans instead of letting the water run over them while you scrape.
Saving food scraps to run through the garbage disposal once a day or less often reduces water use. Or don't use the disposal at all. Save the food scraps for a compost pile. [Ed. Note: As a Master Composter, I favor thsi one!]
Consider installing an instant water heater on your kitchen sink so you don't have to let the water run while it heats up. This will reduce water heating costs and conserve water.
Water softening systems use a lot of water. Only install one if it's necessary. Save money and salt by running the minimum amount of regenerations necessary to maintain water softness. Turn softeners off while on vacation.
Reuse the water left over from cooking foods like pasta and vegetables to water house plants.
Run only full loads of dishes in your dish-washing machine. (Save up to 15 gallons/load.)
Use one glass per person per day to cut down on dirty dishes.
In the Rest of the House . . .
Run only full loads of clothes in your washing machine. (Save up to 23 gallons for every load you don't run.)
If your clothes are still clean, don't wash them.
Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it such as watering a plant or garden or cleaning around your home.
Don't use or install ornamental water features unless they recycle water.
Use high-efficiency appliances if possible.
If you're buying a new washing machine, buy one on our list and get some money back through the city's rebate program!
If your water bill is unusually high, call the city's Public Works Department to determine if there is a leak on your property.
Get leaky faucets and pipes fixed. A small drip can waste up to 2,700 gallons/year.
If you have a well, check your pump periodically. Listen to hear if the pump kicks on and off while water is not being used. If it does, you have a leak.
Sorry: Still gathering/inputting data.
Researched information came from the Rocky Mountain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chernobyl and an earthquake in Mexico City led to great change. Will SARS?
By Michael Elliott
Mother Nature: Political Reformer
Posted Sunday, April 27, 2003; 2:31 p.m. EST
What scares you more, SARS or terrorism? For me, it's the disease, though I'll concede to a bias: I spent part of last week in Toronto, where commuters are now worried about whom they're sitting next to and where a favorite bar of mine¡ªpacked when I was there in February¡ªis now as empty as the Yukon.
The problem isn't just the virus, which has traumatized at least two other cities: Beijing and Hong Kong. What's especially nerve-racking is the cover-up at the source, in the corridors of power in China. Hu Jintao, who became leader of China's Communist Party half a year ago, now has to manage the country's biggest internal political crisis since the 1989 massacre at Tiananmen Square. After Beijing's initial efforts to hide the severity of crisis, Hu will have to step nimbly to protect the party's authority¡ªand his career.
Once upon a time, outbreaks of disease and environmental catastrophe could be swept under the rug. Man-made famines in Russia in the 1930s and China two decades later were scarcely known outside their borders. But more recently the world has become too interconnected for deception of that magnitude. In 1986, when a nuclear reactor exploded at Chernobyl, in Ukraine, the Soviet government initially tried to keep it quiet. But when Geiger counters in Scandinavia went haywire, Moscow had to come clean. This year the truth about SARS emerged after citizens infected in China traveled outside the country¡ªand after the groundbreaking reporting of Time and other international publications.
China still has a long way to go. Beijing even now has been less forthcoming than the Soviets were during their crisis 16 years ago. Mikhail Gorbachev finally admitted that Chernobyl was a disaster (with some caveats, to be sure) 18 days after the explosion; Beijing is still being less than honest about SARS, unless you really believe that, as of last week, there were just two cases of the disease in Shanghai (pop. 17 million). Chernobyl eventually helped promote positive change in the Soviet Union as citizens grasped just how awful the system had become. Gorbachev realized that "even if you wanted to be Stalin, you couldn't anymore," says Michael Mandelbaum of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Within months, the Soviet leader accelerated his perestroika and glasnost reforms, which speeded the collapse of Soviet communism. In China, Hu sacked the health minister and Beijing's mayor.
But it still isn't clear whether he and other top officials truly understand that a free flow of information is critical to a healthy society, to free markets, to long-term prosperity. "The leadership wants the country to be an economic power without changing the political system," says Wu Guoguang, a former party official now teaching at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. "But it is realizing too late that the two go together."
There's another model China's leaders would do well to study. In 1985 a massive earthquake shook Mexico City. At the time, Mexico was, in effect, a one-party state, governed by a deeply corrupt and softly totalitarian regime whose leaders were beggaring the country. But within the bureaucracy was embedded a generation of brilliant technocrats who were trying to open the nation and its closed economy to the world. The crisis of legitimacy posed by the earthquake was a catalyst; it convinced the Mexican public and many of the technocrats that Mexico had to change in a fundamental way¡ªthat its society and politics, not just its economy, had to welcome new ideas. After a decade and a half of many bumps and some tragedies, the process reached a pinnacle when the 2000 presidential election saw the overthrow of the old order. The candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which had ruled Mexico without a break since the 1920s, lost to Vicente Fox.
The story holds another lesson: Mexico could not have changed on its own. The transformation from a closed, state-dominated economy to an open one was wrenching. Mexico needed help, which it got from the U.S. The North American Free Trade Agreement, negotiated by the first Bush Administration and signed by that of Bill Clinton, guaranteed that the U.S. would buy what Mexico produced; later, when the peso collapsed, Clinton put together a rescue package. Successive American administrations helped Mexico not because they had drunk of the milk of human kindness but because it was in their interests to do so.
Economic turmoil in Mexico would have spilled north of the border, just as polluted water and diseases do. For Clinton, especially, it was axiomatic that the U.S. could not be immune to economic, environmental or health crises elsewhere in the world¡ªthat such "soft" issues posed as real a danger to American interests as "hard" ones like terrorism. "People looked askance," Clinton told me last week, "when we said that AIDS and other diseases were a security threat, that environmental degradation was a security threat. SARS is just the latest example." You don't have to visit Toronto to know that he's right.
¡ªWith reporting by Matthew Forney/Guangzhou and Susan Jakes/Beijing
APRIL 29,2003 HEALTH TIP
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Happiness Is . . .
Happiness -- or at least positive, outward-reaching emotions -- may be all in your head.
The left, front side of your head, that is.
And inhibiting, negative, withdrawing emotions may be controlled by the right side of your brain, says Richard Davidson, a University of Wisconsin psychologist who has been studying the physiology of emotions for nearly 20 years.
Davidson's pioneer research, backed by a $10 million National Institutes of Health grant, involves positron emission tomography (PET) and a new generation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanners, the Washington Post reported.
Davidson has localized the positive and negative emotional centers in comparable areas of the left and right prefrontal cortex, just behind the forehead.
Davidson says people with more left-side activity generally describe themselves as happier and have a more positive mood than people